The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a proposed method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using

braille Braille ( , ) is a Tactile alphabet, tactile writing system used by blindness, blind or visually impaired people. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone device ...

cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called ''GS8''. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called ''GS6''. The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at

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, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician. However, 15 years later Nemeth code was still the standard, with no further change .
/ref> The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable

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. The syntax is based on the

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system for scientific typesetting.

Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille

The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2

English Braille English Braille, also known as ''Grade 2 Braille'', is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of around 250 letters ( phonograms), numerals, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations (logograms). Some English ...

Digits

Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and

Luxembourgish Braille Luxembourgish Braille is the braille alphabet of the Luxembourgish language. It is very close to French Braille French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of :Innovative braille scripts, almost :French-ordered braille scri ...

. Sources disagree on 0. Both claimed forms are presented above. The second is the ISO form. Note however that ISO is concerned only with a one-to-one assignment between 8-dot braille and

ASCII ASCII ( ), an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for representing a particular set of 95 (English language focused) printable character, printable and 33 control character, control c ...

, and so has no particular connection to Gardner–Salinas braille.

Upper-case letters

GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added. Compare

Greek letters

Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of International Greek Braille to derive Greek letters:

Characters differing from English Braille

The single quotation marks are the ASCII back tick ` and apostrophe '.

ASCII symbols and mathematical operators

Text symbols

Math and science symbols

Markup

* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator. * Used for any > 1 digit radicand. ** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.

Typeface indicators

The difference between the two underline markers is not explained.

Shape symbols

Set theory

References

Blind physicist creates better Braille
— a

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news item, November 9, 1995
The world of blind mathematicians
— article in ''Notices of the AMS'', November 2002 {{DEFAULTSORT:Gardner-Salinas Braille Braille symbols 8-dot braille scripts Mathematical notation