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Braille Pattern Dots-135
The Braille pattern dots-135 () is a 6-dot braille cell with the top and bottom left, and middle right dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the top and lower-middle left, and upper-middle right dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2815, and in Braille ASCII with the letter "O". Unified Braille In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-135 is used to represent close-mid to open-mid back rounded vowels, such as /o/, /o̞/, or /ɔ/.. Table of unified braille values Other braille Plus dots 7 and 8 Related to Braille pattern dots-135 are Braille patterns 1357, 1358, and 13578, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. Related 8-dot kantenji patterns In the Japanese kantenji is a system of braille for transcribing written Japanese. It was devised in 1969 by , a teacher at the , and was still being revised in 1991. It supplements Japanese Braille by providing a mean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are Blindness, blind, Deafblindness, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on Paper embossing, embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first Binary numeral system, binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are formed using a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luxembourgish Braille
Luxembourgish Braille is the braille alphabet of the Luxembourgish language. It is very close to French Braille, but uses eight-dot cells, with the extra pair of dots at the bottom of each cell to indicate capitalization and accent marks. It is the only eight-dot alphabet listed in UNESCO (2013). Children start off with the older six-dot script (UNESCO 1990), then switch to eight-dot cells when they start primary school and learn the numbers. Alphabet The Luxembourgish Braille alphabet started off as a reduced set of the letters of the French Braille alphabet, the basic 26 plus three letters for print vowels with diacritics: ''é,'' ''ë,'' ''ä.'' With the shift to eight-point script, these three acquired an extra dot at point 8. The letters are thus: : Dot-7 is added to form capitals: : Apart from the accented letters, these are the letter forms of the Gardner–Salinas Braille code used for technical notation. The digits 1–9 (but not 0) are also as in Gardner– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JIS X 0208
JIS X 0208 is a 2-byte character set specified as a Japanese Industrial Standard, containing 6879 graphic characters suitable for writing text, place names, personal names, and so forth in the Japanese language. The official title of the current standard is . It was originally established as JIS C 6226 in 1978, and has been revised in 1983, 1990, and 1997. It is also called Code page 952 by IBM. The 1978 version is also called Code page 955 by IBM. Scope of use and compatibility The character set JIS X 0208 establishes is primarily for the purpose of between data processing systems and the devices connected to them, or mutually between data communication systems. This character set can be used for data processing and text processing. Partial implementations of the character set are not considered compatible. Because there are places where such things have happened as the original drafting committee of the first standard taking care to separate characters between level 1 and l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kantenji
is a system of braille for transcribing written Japanese. It was devised in 1969 by , a teacher at the , and was still being revised in 1991. It supplements Japanese Braille by providing a means of directly encoding kanji characters without having to first convert them to kana. It uses an 8-dot braille cell, with the lower six dots corresponding to the cells of standard Japanese Braille, and the upper two dots indicating the constituent parts of the kanji. The upper dots are numbered 0 (upper left) and 7 (upper right), the opposite convention of 8-dot braille in Western countries, where the extra dots are added to the bottom of the cell. A kanji will be transcribed by anywhere from one to three braille cells. Principles Only kanji use the upper dots 0 and 7. A cell occupying only dots 1–6 is to be read as kana, or less commonly as the middle element of a three-cell kanji. Kana readings are used to derive common kanji elements that share that reading. For example, the kana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner–Salinas Braille Codes
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called ''GS8''. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called ''GS6''. The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician. The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting. Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille. Digits Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and Luxembour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian Braille
Algerian Braille was a braille alphabet used to write the Arabic language in Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig .... It is apparently obsolete. In Algerian Braille, the braille letters are assigned in numeric order to the Arabic alphabet; standard Arabic Braille on the other hand uses a completely different assignment, following [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner Salinas Braille
Gardner may refer to: Name *Gardner (given name) *Gardner (surname) Places United States *Gardner, Colorado *Gardner, Illinois *Gardner, Kansas *Gardner, Massachusetts * Gardner, North Dakota *Gardner, Tennessee *Gardner, Wisconsin *Glen Gardner, New Jersey Geographical features *Gardner (crater) on the Moon *Gardner Canal in British Columbia, Canada *Gardner Inlet in Antarctica *Gardner Pinnacles in Hawaii, United States *Gardner River in Yellowstone National Park, United States *Gardner Island or Nikumaroro, part of the Phoenix Islands, Kiribati Institutions *Gardner–Webb University in North Carolina *Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts *L. Gardner and Sons Ltd., Patricroft, Manchester, England - a builder of diesel engines *Gardner (automobile), a car maker based in St. Louis, Missouri, between 1920 and 1931 Animals *Gardner snake, any species of North American snake within the genus ''Thamnophis'', more properly called garter snakes Weapons *Gardner ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long Division
In arithmetic, long division is a standard division algorithm suitable for dividing multi-digit Hindu-Arabic numerals (Positional notation) that is simple enough to perform by hand. It breaks down a division problem into a series of easier steps. As in all division problems, one number, called the dividend, is divided by another, called the divisor, producing a result called the quotient. It enables computations involving arbitrarily large numbers to be performed by following a series of simple steps. The abbreviated form of long division is called short division, which is almost always used instead of long division when the divisor has only one digit. Chunking (also known as the partial quotients method or the hangman method) is a less mechanical form of long division prominent in the UK which contributes to a more holistic understanding of the division process. While related algorithms have existed since the 12th century, the specific algorithm in modern use was introduced by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nemeth Braille
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics is a Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using standard six-dot Braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The code was developed by Abraham Nemeth. The Nemeth Code was first written up in 1952. It was revised in 1956, 1965, and 1972, and beginning in 1992 was integrated into Unified English Braille. It is an example of a compact human-readable markup language. Nemeth Braille is just one code used to write mathematics in braille. There are many systems in use around the world. Principles of the Nemeth Code The Nemeth Code Book (1972) opens with the following words: One consequence is that the braille transcriber does not need to know the underlying mathematics. The braille transcriber needs to identify the inkprint symbols and know how to render them in Nemeth Code braille. For example, if the same math symbol might have two different meanings, this would not matter; both instances ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taiwanese Braille
Taiwanese Braille is the braille script used in Taiwan for Taiwanese Mandarin (''Guoyu''). Although based marginally on international braille, most consonants have been reassigned; also, like Chinese Braille, Taiwanese Braille is a semi-syllabary. An example is, Charts Initials The braille letters for zhuyin/pinyin ㄍ ''g'' (), ㄘ ''c'' (), and ㄙ ''s'' () double for the alveolo-palatal consonants ㄐ ''j'' (), ㄑ ''q'' (), and ㄒ ''x'' (). The latter are followed by close front vowels, namely ㄧ ''i'' () and ㄩ ''ü'' (), so the distinction between ''g, c, s'' (or ''z, k, h'') and ''j, q, x'' in zhuyin and pinyin is redundant. Medial + rime Each medial + rime in zhuyin is written with a single letter in braille. is used for both the empty rime ''-i'' (), which is not written in zhuyin, and the rime ㄦ ''er'' (). See for example 斯 ''sī'' () located above the word ''Daguerre'' in the image at right. Tone Marks Tone is always marked. This includes t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mainland Chinese Braille
(Mainland) Chinese Braille is a braille script used for Standard Mandarin in China. Consonants and basic finals conform to international braille, but additional finals form a semi-syllabary, as in zhuyin (bopomofo). Each syllable is written with up to three Braille cells, representing the initial, final, and tone, respectively. In practice tone is generally omitted as it is in pinyin. Braille charts Traditional Chinese Braille is as follows: Initials Chinese Braille initials generally follow the pinyin assignments of international braille. However, ''j, q, x'' are replaced with ''g, k, h'', as the difference is predictable from the final. (This reflects the historical change of ''g, k, h'' (and also ''z, c, s'') to ''j, q, x'' before ''i'' and ''ü''.) The digraphs ''ch, sh, zh'' are assigned to (its pronunciation in Russian Braille), (a common pronunciation in international braille), and . ''R'' is assigned to , reflecting the old Wade-Giles transcription of . ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
