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Bosman Free Transfer
''Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman'' (1995) C-415/93 (known as the Bosman ruling) is a 1995 European Court of Justice decision concerning freedom of movement for workers, freedom of association, and direct effect of article 39 (now article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) of the TEC. The case was an important decision on the free movement of labour and had a profound effect on the transfers of footballers—and by extension players of other professional sports—within the European Union (EU). The decision banned restrictions on foreign EU players within national leagues and allowed players in the EU to move to another club at the end of a contract without a transfer fee being paid. The ruling was made in a consolidation of three separate legal cases, all involving Belgian player Jean-Marc Bosman: * '' Belgian Football Association v Jean-Marc Bosman'' * ''R.F.C. de Liège v Jean-Marc Bosman and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Court Of Justice
The European Court of Justice (ECJ, french: Cour de Justice européenne), formally just the Court of Justice, is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all EU member states under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Court was established in 1952, and is based in Luxembourg. It is composed of one judge per member state – currently – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or fifteen judges. The Court has been led by president Koen Lenaerts since 2015. The ECJ is the highest court of the European Union in matters of Union law, but not national law. It is not possible to appeal against the decisions of national courts in the ECJ, but rather national courts refer questions of EU law to the ECJ. However, it is ultimately for the national court ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FIFA
FIFA (; stands for ''Fédération Internationale de Football Association'' ( French), meaning International Association Football Federation ) is the international governing body of association football, beach football and futsal. It was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland, its membership now comprises 211 national associations. These national associations must each also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided: CAF (Africa), AFC (Asia and Australia), UEFA (Europe), CONCACAF (North & Central America and the Caribbean), OFC (Oceania) and CONMEBOL (South America). FIFA outlines a number of objectives in the organizational Statutes, including growing association football internationally, providing efforts to ensure it is accessible to everyone, and advocating for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was a European football club competition contested annually by the winners of domestic cup competitions. The cup was, chronologically, the second seasonal inter-European club competition organised by UEFA. The tournament ran for 39 seasons, with the final edition held in 1998–99, after which it was discontinued. The first tournament was held in 1960–61, but it was organised by the Mitropa Cup's Organising Committee and not recognised by the governing body of European football until 1963, when it was accepted as a UEFA competition on the initiative of the Italian Football Federation (FIGC). From 1972 onwards, the winner of the tournament progressed to play the winner of the European Cup (later the UEFA Champions League) in the European Super Cup. Since the abolition of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Super Cup place previously reserved for the Cup Winners' Cup winner has been taken by the winner of the UEFA Cup, now the UEFA Europa League. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League (abbreviated as UCL, or sometimes, UEFA CL) is an annual club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and contested by top-division European clubs, deciding the competition winners through a round robin group stage to qualify for a double-legged knockout format, and a single leg final. It is one of the most prestigious football tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football, played by the national league champions (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of their national associations. Introduced in 1955 as the ( French for European Champion Clubs' Cup), and commonly known as the European Cup, it was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champions of Europe's domestic leagues, with its winner reckoned as the European club champion. The competition took on its current name in 1992, adding a round-robin group stage in 1991 and allowing mul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gebhard V Consiglio Dell'Ordine Degli Avvocati E Procuratori Di Milano
''Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano'' (1995C-55/94is an EU law case, concerning the freedom of establishment in the European Union. Facts A German lawyer called Mr Reinhard Gebhard from Stuttgart, lived in Milan, Italy. He called himself an "avvocato" and set up chambers to practice as a lawyer. He was suspended by the Milan Bar Council, because he had not been registered. Italian lawyers complained he used the title of 'avvocato' in his practice with mainly German customers in Milan. Judgment The Court of Justice held that it should be evaluated whether the Italian rules erected an obstacle to freedom of establishment. See also *European Union law European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union (EU). Since the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community following World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "promote peace, its valu ... Notes {{reflist, 2 References * Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kraus
Kraus is a German surname meaning "curly". Notable people with the surname include: * Adalbert Kraus (born 1937), German tenor * Adam Kraus (born 1984), American footballer * Adolf Kraus (1850–1928), lawyer and Jewish leader * Adolph Robert Kraus (1850–1901), American sculptor * Alanna Kraus (born 1977), Canadian speed skater * Albert Kraus (born 1980), Dutch welterweight kickboxer * Alfredo Kraus (1927–1999), Spanish opera singer * Barbara Kraus, Austrian physicist * Bill Kraus (1947–1986), American homosexual rights and AIDS activist * Brigitte Kraus (born 1956), German middle distance runner * Bruce Kraus (born 1954), American politician and businessman * Charles A. Kraus (1875–1967), American chemist * Charles Kraus (clown) (born 1946), American clown, magician, writer, and comedian * Chris Kraus (American writer) (born 1955), American writer and filmmaker * Chris Kraus (director) (born 1963), German author and filmmaker * Christian Jakob Kraus (1753–1807), German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpine Investments V Minister Van Financiën
Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to: Places Europe * Alps, a European mountain range ** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range Australia * Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village * Alpine National Park * Alpine Shire, a local government area in Victoria New Zealand * Alpine Lake / Ata Puai, a lake in the West Coast Region of New Zealand United States * Alpine, DeKalb County, Alabama, an unincorporated community * Alpine, Talladega County, Alabama, an unincorporated community * Alpine (plantation), a historic plantation house in Talladega County, Alabama * Alpine, Alaska, an unincorporated community * Alpine, Arizona, an unincorporated community * Alpine, California, a census-designated place (CDP) in San Diego County * Alpine, Los Angeles County, California, a former unincorporated community also known as Harold * Alpine County, California * Lake Alpine, California, an unincorporated community * Alpine, Georgia, an unincorporated c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keck And Mithouard
''Reference for a Preliminary Ruling in the Criminal Proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard'' (1993) C-267/91 is an EU law case, concerning the conflict of law between a national legal system and European Union law. The Court found that "selling arrangements" did not constitute a measure having equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction on trade between Member States of the European Community, as it was then. As a result, the 'discrimination test' was introduced to identify such selling arrangements. Keck and Mithouard were prosecuted in France under anti-dumping retail laws for selling Picon liqueur at below cost price. The Court distinguished the case from its earlier jurisprudence on the content or characteristics or the products concerned. Thus the legislation in question fell outside the scope of the then article 30 of the Treaty of the European Community (now codified as article 34 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). Facts Keck and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R (Daily Mail And General Trust Plc) V HM Treasury
''R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury and Commissioners of Inland Revenue'' (1988Case 81/87is an EU law case, concerning the freedom of establishment in the European Union. Facts The ''Daily Mail'', a newspaper company, was resident in the United Kingdom. It wanted to transfer residence to the Netherlands and set up a subsidiary or branch in the UK instead. This was to be done for the purpose of selling a significant part of its non-permanent assets and using the sale proceeds to buy its own shares without having to pay the tax normally due on such transactions in the UK. It could not do this without permission from the UK Treasury. It argued this contravened its right of establishment under (what is now) the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union article 49. Judgment The Court of Justice held that TFEU article 49 did not apply, and so the rules requiring UK Treasury permission could operate. Given the wide variation in national laws about the required fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roux V Belgium
Roux () is a mixture of flour and fat In nutrition science, nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such chemical compound, compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. The term often refers spec ... cooked together and used to thicken sauces. Roux is typically made from equal parts of flour and fat by weight. The flour is added to the melted fat or Cooking oil, oil on the stove top, blended until smooth, and cooked to the desired level of Food browning, brownness. A roux can be white, blond (darker) or brown. Butter, bacon drippings or lard are commonly used fats. Roux is used as a thickening agent for gravy, sauces, soups and stews. It provides the base for a dish, and other ingredients are added after the roux is complete. Uses The fat is most often butter in French cuisine, but may be lard or vegetable oil in other cuisines. Roux is used in three of the five mother sauces of Cuisin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Queen V Immigration Appeal Tribunal And Surinder Singh
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with pronouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of pronoun ''thee'') when followed by a v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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