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Biological Methanation
Biological methanation (also: microbiological methanation) is a conversion process to generate methane by means of highly specialized microorganisms (Archaea) within a technical system. This process can be applied in a power-to-gas system to produce biomethane and is appreciated as an important storage technology for variable renewable energy in the context of energy transition. This technology was successfully implemented at a first power-to-gas plant of that kind in the year 2015. Disambiguation Biological methanation contains the principle of the so-called methanogenesis, a specific, anaerobic metabolic pathway where hydrogen and carbon dioxide are converted into methane. By analogy with the biological process, a chemical-catalytic process, also known as Sabatier reaction, exists. Principle of function Numerous and common microorganisms within the domain Archaea convert the compounds hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into methane in a bio-catalytic way. The therefore re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biogas
Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste and food waste. It is a renewable energy source. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogen inside an anaerobic digester, biodigester or a bioreactor. Biogas is primarily methane () and carbon dioxide () and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide () can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used in fuel cells and for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. Biogas can be compressed after removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, the same way as natural gas is compressed to CN ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanopyrales
In taxonomy, the Methanopyrales are an order of microbes within the class methanopyri. It contains only one family, Methanopyraceae, one genus, Methanopyrus, and one species, Methanopyrus kandleri. This species is chemolithoautotrophic and its cells are bacillus in form. It grows comfortably at temperatures of 98 °C and can survive at temperatures as high as 110 °C, making it the most thermophilic known methanogen. Strain 116 can survive at up to 122 °C. They live in hydrothermal vents and were first discovered on the walls of a black smoker in the Gulf of California, at the depth of 2000 metres. They are similar to Methanobacteriales, but unlike other methanogenic archaea, their cell walls contain pseudomurein Pseudopeptidoglycan (also known as pseudomurein;White, David. (1995) ''The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes'', pages 6, 12-21. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). . PPG hereafter) is a major cell wall component of some Archaea that differs .... Refer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allendorf (Eder)
Allendorf (Eder) () is a municipality which situated in the north west of Hesse, Germany. The municipality is within the Waldeck-Frankenberg district in a rural region called the upper Eder Valley. The Burgwald range is located west of Allendorf while the Breite Struth hills are in Allendorf's east. With regard to towns, Allendorf lies to the east of Frankenberg/Eder (12 km) and to the west of Battenberg (2.6 km) and Biedenkopf (21 km). In the north of Allendorf are Hallenberg (12 km), Winterberg (26 km), and Korbach (39 km). In its south is the university city Marburg (32 km). Allendorf is internationally known because of the heating company Viessmann, which has its headquarters in Allendorf/Eder. Moreover, the FC Ederbergland - an amalgamation of the football divisions of the SV Allendorf and the TSV Battenberg - successfully plays in the Hessian regional league. Allendorf is also attractive to tourists because of its half-timbered houses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ex-situ
Svalbard GLOBAL SEED BANK, an ''ex situ'' conservation. ''Ex situ'' conservation literally means, "off-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an endangered species, variety or breed, of plant or animal outside its natural habitat; for example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, an artificial environment which is similar to the natural habitat of the respective animal and within the care of humans, example are zoological parks and wildlife safaris. The degree to which humans control or modify the natural dynamics of the managed population varies widely, and this may include alteration of living environments, reproductive patterns, access to resources, and protection from predation and mortality. ''Ex situ'' management can occur within or outside a species' natural geographic range. Individuals maintained ''ex situ'' exist outside an ecological niche. This means that they are not under the same selection pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanomicrobiales
In the alpha taxonomy, taxonomy of microorganisms, the Methanomicrobiales are an order (biology), order of the Methanomicrobia. ''Methanomicrobiales'' are strictly carbon dioxide redox, reducing methanogens, using hydrogen or formate as the reducing agent. As seen from the phylogenetic tree based on 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project the family Methanomicrobiaceae is highly polyphyletic within the Methanomicrobiales. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). See also * List of Archaea genera References Further reading Scientific journals * * * * Scientific books * Scientific databases External links {{Taxonbar, from=Q4044130 Archaea taxonomic orders Euryarchaeota ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanococcales
In taxonomy, the Methanococcales are an order of the Methanococci. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The ... (NCBI). See also * List of Archaea genera References Further reading Scientific journals * * * * Scientific books * Scientific databases External links Archaea taxonomic orders Euryarchaeota {{Euryarchaeota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanobacteriales
In alpha taxonomy, taxonomy, the Methanobacteriales are an order (biology), order of the Methanobacteria. Species within this order differ from other methanogens in that they can use fewer catabolic substrates and have distinct morphological characteristics, lipid compositions, and RNA sequences. Their cell walls are composed of pseudomurein. Most species are Gram-positive with rod-shaped bodies and some can form long filaments. Most of them use formate to reduce carbon dioxide, but those of the genus ''Methanosphaera'' use hydrogen to reduce methanol to methane. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). See also * List of Archaea genera References Further reading Scientific journals * * * Scientific books * * Scientific databases External links Archaea taxonomic orders Euryarchaeota {{Euryarchaeota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sabatier Reaction
The Sabatier reaction or Sabatier process produces methane and water from a reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures (optimally 300–400 °C) and pressures (perhaps 3 MPa ) in the presence of a nickel catalyst. It was discovered by the French chemists Paul Sabatier and Jean-Baptiste Senderens in 1897. Optionally, ruthenium on alumina (aluminium oxide) makes a more efficient catalyst. It is described by the following exothermic reaction. :CO2 + 4H2 -> atop 400\ ^\circ\ce\ce] CH4 + 2H2O∆''H'' = −165.0 kJ/mol There is disagreement on whether the CO2 methanation occurs by first associatively adsorbing an adatom hydrogen and forming oxygen intermediates before hydrogenation or dissociating and forming a carbonyl before being hydrogenated. : + 3H2 -> + H2O∆''H'' = −206 kJ/mol CO methanation is believed to occur through a dissociative mechanism where the carbon oxygen bond is broken before hydrogenation with an associative mechanism only being ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methane
Methane ( , ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an economically attractive fuel, although capturing and storing it poses technical challenges due to its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure. Naturally occurring methane is found both below ground and under the seafloor and is formed by both geological and biological processes. The largest reservoir of methane is under the seafloor in the form of methane clathrates. When methane reaches the surface and the atmosphere, it is known as atmospheric methane. The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750, and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases. It has also been detected on other plane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula . It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter.However, most of the universe's mass is not in the form of baryons or chemical elements. See dark matter and dark energy. Stars such as the Sun are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. Most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as water and organic compounds. For the most common isotope of hydrogen (symbol 1H) each atom has one proton, one electron, and no neutrons. In the early universe, the formation of protons, the nuclei of hydrogen, occurred during the first second after the Big Bang. The emergence of neutral hydrogen atoms throughout the universe occurred about 370,000 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanogenesis
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane coupled to energy conservation by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane for energy conservation have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria. Other forms of methane production that are not coupled to ATP synthesis exist within all three domains of life. The production of methane is an important and widespread form of microbial metabolism. In anoxic environments, it is the final step in the decomposition of biomass. Methanogenesis is responsible for significant amounts of natural gas accumulations, the remainder being thermogenic. Biochemistry Methanogenesis in microbes is a form of anaerobic respiration. Methanogens do not use oxygen to respire; in fact, oxygen inhibits the growth of methanogens. The terminal electron acceptor in methanogenesis is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
