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Bhavana B. Menon
''Bhāvanā'' (Pali;Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 503, entry for "Bhāvanā," retrieved 9 December 2008 from "U. Chicago" a Sanskrit: भावना, also ''bhāvanā''Monier-Williams (1899), p. 755, see "Bhāvana" and "Bhāvanā", retrieved 9 December 2008 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0755-bhAvodaya.pdf .) literally means "development" or "cultivating" or "producing" in the sense of "calling into existence".Nyanatiloka (1980), p. 67. It is an important concept in Buddhist practice (''Patipatti''). The word ''bhavana'' normally appears in conjunction with another word forming a compound phrase such as ''citta-bhavana'' (the development or cultivation of the heart/mind) or ''metta-bhavana'' (the development/cultivation of lovingkindness). When used on its own, ''bhavana'' signifies contemplation and 'spiritual cultivation' generally. Etymology ''Bhavana'' derives from the word ''Bhava'' meaning ''becoming'' or the sub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pali
Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pāli Canon'' or ''Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of ''Theravāda'' Buddhism.Stargardt, Janice. ''Tracing Thoughts Through Things: The Oldest Pali Texts and the Early Buddhist Archaeology of India and Burma.'', Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000, page 25. Early in the language's history, it was written in the Brahmi script. Origin and development Etymology The word 'Pali' is used as a name for the language of the Theravada canon. The word seems to have its origins in commentarial traditions, wherein the (in the sense of the line of original text quoted) was distinguished from the commentary or vernacular translation that followed it in the manuscript. K. R. Norman suggests that its emergence was based on a misunderstanding of the compound , with being interpreted as the name of a particular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samatha
''Samatha'' (Pāli; sa, शमथ ''śamatha''; ), "calm," "serenity," "tranquillity of awareness," and ''vipassanā'' (Pāli; Sanskrit ''vipaśyanā''), literally "special, super (''vi-''), seeing (''-passanā'')", are two qualities of the mind developed in tandem in Buddhist practice. In the Pali Canon and the Āgama they are not specific practices, but elements of "a single path," and "fulfilled" with the development (''bhāvanā'') of ''sati'' ("mindfulness") and '' jhana/dhyana'' ("meditation") and other path-factors. While ''jhana/dhyana'' has a central role in the Buddhist path, ''vipassanā'' is hardly mentioned separately, but mostly described along with ''samatha''. The '' Abhidhamma Pitaka'' and the commentaries describe samatha and vipassanā as two separate techniques, taking samatha to mean concentration-meditation, and ''vipassana'' as a practice to gain insight. In the Theravada-tradition, ''vipassanā'' is defined as a practice that seeks "insight into the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Four Right Exertions
The Four Right Exertions (also known as, Four Proper Exertions, Four Right Efforts, Four Great Efforts, Four Right Endeavors or Four Right Strivings) (Pali: '; Skt.: ' or ') are an integral part of the Buddhist path to Enlightenment (understanding). Built on the insightful recognition of the arising and non-arising of various mental qualities over time and of our ability to mindfully intervene in these ephemeral qualities, the Four Right Exertions encourage the relinquishment of harmful mental qualities and the nurturing of beneficial mental qualities. The Four Right Exertions are associated with the Noble Eightfold Path's factor of "right effort" (''sammā-vāyāma'') and the Five Spiritual Faculties' faculty of "energy" ('' viriya''); and, are one of the seven sets of Bodhipakkhiyadhamma, factors related to ''bodhi''. In the Pali literature The Four Right Exertions are found in the Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka and Pali commentaries. Additionally, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satipatthana
''Satipatthana'' ( pi, Satipaṭṭhāna, italic=yes; sa, smṛtyupasthāna, italic=yes) is a central practice in the Buddha's teachings, meaning "the establishment of mindfulness" or "presence of mindfulness", or alternatively "foundations of mindfulness", aiding the development of a wholesome state of mind. In Theravada Buddhism, applying mindful attention to four domains, the body, feelings, the mind, and key principles or categories of the Buddha's teaching ( ''dhammās''), is thought to aid the elimination of the five hindrances and the development of the seven aspects of wakefulness. The ''Satipatthana Sutta'' is probably the most influential meditation text in modern Theravada Buddhism,Sujato (2012), pp. 1–2. on which the teachings of the Vipassana movement are based. While these teachings are found in all Buddhist traditions, modern Theravada Buddhism and the Vipassana Movement are known especially for promoting the practice of satipaṭṭhāna as developing mindfuln ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samādhi
''Samadhi'' (Pali and sa, समाधि), in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and yogic schools, is a state of meditation, meditative consciousness. In Buddhism, it is the last of the eight elements of the Noble Eightfold Path. In the Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga), Ashtanga Yoga tradition, it is the eighth and final limb identified in the ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Yoga Sutras'' of Patanjali. In the oldest Buddhist sutra, suttas, on which several contemporary western Theravada teachers rely, it refers to the development of an investigative and luminous mind which is Upekkha, equanimous and mindful. In the yogic traditions, and the Buddhist commentarial tradition on which the Burmese Vipassana movement and the Thai Forest Tradition, Thai Forest tradition rely, it is interpreted as a meditative absorption or trance, attained by the practice of ''Dhyāna in Buddhism, dhyāna''. Definitions ''Samadhi'' may refer to a broad range of states. A common understanding regards ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Itivuttaka
The Itivuttaka (Pali for "as it was said") is a Buddhism, Buddhist scripture, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism and is attributed to Khujjuttara's recollection of Buddha's discourses. It is included there in the Sutta Pitaka's Khuddaka Nikaya. It comprises 112 short teachings ascribed in the text to the Gautama Buddha, Buddha, each consisting of a prose portion followed by a verse portion. The latter may be a paraphrase of the former, or complementary. Some scholarsNakamura, ''Indian Buddhism'', Japan, 1990; reprinted Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi consider it one of the earliest of all Buddhist scriptures, while others consider it somewhat later. Latest translation by Samanera Mahinda has been published in 2018. Translations * ''Sayings of Buddha'', tr J. H. Moore, Columbia University Press, 1908 * "As it was said", in ''Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon'', volume II, tr F. L. Woodward, 1935, Pali Text Society Bristol * Tr John D. Ireland, Buddhist Publication Society, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
