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Basidiolichen
Basidiolichens are lichenized members of the Basidiomycota, a much smaller group of lichens than the far more common ascolichens in the Ascomycota. In arctic, alpine, and temperate forests, the most common basidiolichens are in the agaric genus ''Lichenomphalia'' (including former members of ''Omphalina'' or '' Gerronema'') and the clavarioid genus ''Multiclavula''. Several lichenized genera occur in tropical regions, the most common being the foliose ''Dictyonema''. Previously basidiolichens had been classified in their own subclass, Basidiolichenes. Molecular based phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ... does not support classification of the genera together. References External linksBioImagesSeveral photos of ''Lichenomphalia umbellifera''New Zealand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictyonema
''Dictyonema'' is a genus of mainly tropical basidiolichens in the family Hygrophoraceae. The ''Dictyonema'' symbiosis Most lichens are a symbiosis between an ascomycete fungus and a photosynthetic green alga. However, a small percentage of lichens (approximately 10%) are cyanolichens and contain a photosynthetic cyanobacterium instead of green algae, and an even smaller number (less than 1%) are basidiolichens and contain a basidiomycete fungus instead of an ascomycete. This makes ''Dictyonema'' more closely related to mushrooms than it is to most other lichens. Taxonomy and naming The genus ''Dictyonema'' was first named in 1822 by Carl Adgardh and Carl Kunth after examining a novel fungus that was sent to them from Brazil.Kunth, CS, and CA Agardh. 1822. Synopsis Plantarum, Quas in Itinere ad Plagam Aequinoctialem Orbis Novi, Collegerunt Al. de Humboldt et Am. Bonpland (Paris). Volume 1, pg. 1. The genus was redefined in 1978 when Erast Parmasto assessed 40 differen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Multiclavula
''Multiclavula'' is a genus of basidiolichens in the family Hydnaceae. The widespread genus contains 14 species.Reschke, K., Lotz-Winter, H., Fischer, C.W., Hofmann, T.A., Piepenbring, M., 2021. New and interesting species of Agaricomycetes from Panama. Phytotaxa 529, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.1 Species *'' Multiclavula caput-serpentis'' *'' Multiclavula clara'' *'' Multiclavula constans'' *'' Multiclavula coronilla'' *'' Multiclavula corynoides'' *''Multiclavula delicata'' *'' Multiclavula hastula'' *'' Multiclavula ichthyiformis'' – Costa Rica *''Multiclavula mucida'' *'' Multiclavula petricola'' – Japan *'' Multiclavula pogonati'' *'' Multiclavula samuelsii'' – New Zealand *'' Multiclavula sharpii'' *'' Multiclavula vernalis'' Several species once classified in ''Multiclavula'' have since been transferred to other genera. These include: *''Multiclavula afflata'' = ''Lentaria afflata ''Lentaria'' is a genus of fungi in the family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiclavula Mucida 23753
''Multiclavula'' is a genus of basidiolichens in the family Hydnaceae. The widespread genus contains 14 species.Reschke, K., Lotz-Winter, H., Fischer, C.W., Hofmann, T.A., Piepenbring, M., 2021. New and interesting species of Agaricomycetes from Panama. Phytotaxa 529, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.1 Species *'' Multiclavula caput-serpentis'' *'' Multiclavula clara'' *'' Multiclavula constans'' *'' Multiclavula coronilla'' *'' Multiclavula corynoides'' *''Multiclavula delicata'' *'' Multiclavula hastula'' *'' Multiclavula ichthyiformis'' – Costa Rica *''Multiclavula mucida'' *'' Multiclavula petricola'' – Japan *'' Multiclavula pogonati'' *'' Multiclavula samuelsii'' – New Zealand *'' Multiclavula sharpii'' *'' Multiclavula vernalis'' Several species once classified in ''Multiclavula'' have since been transferred to other genera. These include: *''Multiclavula afflata'' = ''Lentaria afflata ''Lentaria'' is a genus of fungi in the family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichenomphalia Umbellifera - Lindsey 1a
''Lichenomphalia'' is both a basidiolichen and an agaric genus. Most of the species have inconspicuous lichenized thalli that consist of scattered, small, loose, nearly microscopic green balls or foliose small flakes containing single-celled green algae in the genus '' Coccomyxa'', all interconnected by a loose network of hyphae. The agaric fruit bodies themselves are nonlichenized and resemble other types of omphalinoid mushrooms. These agarics lack clamp connections and do not form hymenial cystidia. The basidiospores are hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, and nonamyloid. Most of the species were originally classified in the genera ''Omphalina'' or '' Gerronema''. Historically the species were classified with those other genera in the family, the Tricholomataceae together with the nonlichenized species. ''Lichenomphalia'' species can be grouped into brightly colored taxa, with vivid yellow and orange colors, versus the grey brown group, depending upon the microscopic pigmentation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichenomphalia
''Lichenomphalia'' is both a basidiolichen and an agaric genus. Most of the species have inconspicuous lichenized thalli that consist of scattered, small, loose, nearly microscopic green balls or foliose small flakes containing single-celled green algae in the genus '' Coccomyxa'', all interconnected by a loose network of hyphae. The agaric fruit bodies themselves are nonlichenized and resemble other types of omphalinoid mushrooms. These agarics lack clamp connections and do not form hymenial cystidia. The basidiospores are hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, and nonamyloid. Most of the species were originally classified in the genera ''Omphalina'' or '' Gerronema''. Historically the species were classified with those other genera in the family, the Tricholomataceae together with the nonlichenized species. ''Lichenomphalia'' species can be grouped into brightly colored taxa, with vivid yellow and orange colors, versus the grey brown group, depending upon the microscopic pigmentation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omphalina
''Omphalina'' is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent gills. Typically the cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a navel. Similarly-shaped agarics are said to be omphalinoid in appearance. Etymology ''Omphalina'' is the diminutive of ''Omphalia'' which is a reference to the belly button or navel-like appearance of the small dome-shaped caps with a central depression. It derives from the Greek word omphalos. Historical nomenclatural confusion The generic name ''Omphalina'' is an ancient one, linked to the even older mushroom name ''Omphalia'' which cannot be used because it is an illegitimate later homonym. Historically, the former was generally applied to any white-spored, similarly sized and shaped mushroom. As a result, many species that still are labeled ''Omphalina'', or were labeled ''Omphalia'' are in fact not true Omphalinas. The now conserve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agaricales
The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over 13,000 described species, along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. They range from the ubiquitous common mushroom to the deadly destroying angel and the hallucinogenic fly agaric to the bioluminescent jack-o-lantern mushroom. History, classification and phylogeny In his three volumes of '' Systema Mycologicum'' published between 1821 and 1832, Elias Fries put almost all of the fleshy, gill-forming mushrooms in the genus ''Agaricus''. He organized the large genus into "tribes", the names of many of which still exist as common genera of today. Fries later elevated several of these tribes to generic level, but later authors—including Gillet, Karsten, Kummer, Quélet, and Staude—made most of the changes. Fries based his classification on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogeny
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. All life on Earth is part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. In a ''rooted'' phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants represents the inferred most recent common ancestor of those descendants, and the edge lengths in some trees may be interpreted as time estimates. Each node is called a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as bioinformatics, systematics, and phylogenetics. ''Unrooted'' trees illustrate only the relatedness of the leaf nodes and do not require the ancestral root to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wettstein System
A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to Richard Wettstein's ''Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik'' (1901–1924). 3rd edition (1924) Outline Synopsis * Flagellatae p. 65 * Myxophyta p. 69 * Schizophyta ** Schizophyceae ** Schizomycetes * Zygophyta ** Peridinieae ** Bacillarieae *** Centricae *** Pennatae ** Conjugatae * Phaeophytae * Rhodophyta ** Bangieae ** Florideae * Euphallophyta ** Chlorophyceae ** Fungi *** Eumycetes **** Phycomycetes **** Ascomycetes **** Basidiomycetes *** Lichenes **** Ascolichenes **** Basidiolichenes * Cormophyta ** Archegoniatae *** Bryophyta **** Musci **** Hepaticae *** Pteridophyta **** Psilophytinae **** Lycopodiinae **** Psilotinae **** Equisetinae **** Isoëtinae **** Filicinae **** Cycadofilicinae ** Anthophyta *** Gymnospermae **** Cycadinae **** Bennettitinae **** Cordaitinae **** Gingkoinae **** Coniferae **** Gnetinae *** Angiospermae p. 467 **** Dicotyledone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foliose
Foliose lichen is one of the morphological classes of lichens, which are complex organisms that arise from the symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae. This partnership allows lichen to live in diverse climates that can range from cold, dry mountains to wet, warm valleys. Lichens develop quite slowly with recorded growth rates of 0.01–27mm/year depending on the species. Their lifespan averages between 30 and 60 years. Lichens have a main body part called the thallus, which is composed of hyphae, and houses the cortex and medulla. The cortex contains the photosynthetic cells while the medulla allows for gas exchange and makes up the bulk of the lichen's thallus. There are three main types of lichens: crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Foliose lichen are characterised by flattened leafy thalli, and an upper and lower cortex. Many have numerous layers, which are stratified, and aid in identifying different types. Foliose lichens attach to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerronema
''Gerronema'' is a genus of small- to medium-sized lignicolous agarics with white, nonamyloid, spores and decurrent gills. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951. Description Typically the cap of the fruit bodies have a shallow to deep central depression, giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped caps the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a navel. Similarly shaped agarics are said to be omphalinoid in appearance in reference to a morphologically similar genus, ''Omphalina''. ''Gerronema'' differ from ''Omphalina'' by the absence of incrusting or intraparietal pigments typical of ''Omphalina'', the occasional occurrence of bright colors, such as yellow or green absent in ''Omphalina'', by the restriction to decay of wood, and by the tough tissues composed of sarcodimitic hyphae. Distribution The species have a primarily tropical distribution, but also occur in Europe and eastern North America where they fruit during hot muggy, summer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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