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Bag (puzzle)
Bag (also called ''Corral'' or ''Cave'') is a binary-determination logic puzzle published by Nikoli. Rules Bag is played on a rectangular grid, usually of dashed lines, in which numbers appear in some of the cells. The object is to draw a single, continuous loop along the lines of the grid that contains all the numbers on the grid. Each number indicates the total number of cells visible in any orthogonal direction before a line of the loop is reached, plus the cell itself. For example, a 2-cell will have one cell adjacent to it, followed by a wall of the loop. Solution methods The easiest starting place is to find a "maximum cell"; that is, a numbered cell which if the walls are not at the maximum distance possible, the number is not satisfied. For example, in a 10x10 grid which has not started to be solved, a 19-cell is a maximum cell, since if the four walls are not at the edges of the grid, the number of cells visible wouldn't be enough. After making some progress, "mini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Logic Puzzle
A logic puzzle is a puzzle deriving from the mathematics, mathematical field of deductive reasoning, deduction. History The logic puzzle was first produced by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who is better known under his pen name Lewis Carroll, the author of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''. In his book ''The Game of Logic'' he introduced a game to solve problems such as confirming the conclusion "Some greyhounds are not fat" from the statements "No fat creatures run well" and "Some greyhounds run well". Puzzles like this, where we are given a list of premises and asked what can be deduced from them, are known as syllogisms. Dodgson goes on to construct much more complex puzzles consisting of up to 8 premises. In the second half of the 20th century mathematician Raymond Smullyan, Raymond M. Smullyan continued and expanded the branch of logic puzzles with books such as ''The Lady or the Tiger?'', ''To Mock a Mockingbird'' and ''Alice in Puzzle-Land''. He popularized the "knights an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikoli (publisher)
is a Japanese publisher that specializes in games and, especially, logic puzzles. ''Nikoli'' is also the nickname of a quarterly magazine (whose full name is ''Puzzle Communication Nikoli'') issued by the company in Tokyo. ''Nikoli'' was established in 1980 and became prominent worldwide with the popularity of ''Sudoku''. The name "Nikoli" comes from the racehorse who won the Irish 2,000 Guineas in 1980; the founder of Nikoli, Maki Kaji, was fond of horseracing and betting. Nikoli's claim to fame is its vast library of "culture independent" puzzles. An example of a language/culture-dependent genre of puzzle would be the crossword, which relies on a specific language and alphabet. For this reason Nikoli's puzzles are often purely logical, and often numerical. Nikoli's Sudoku, the most popular logic problem in Japan, was popularized in the English-speaking world in 2005, though that game has a history stretching back hundreds of years and across the globe. The magazine has invente ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuromasu
, abbreviated or , is a binary-determination logic puzzle published by Nikoli (publisher), Nikoli. , one book consisting entirely of puzzles has been published by Nikoli. Rules is played on a rectangular grid. Some of these cells have numbers in them. Each cell may be either black or white. The object is to determine what type each cell is. The following rules determine which cells are which: * Each number on the board represents the number of white cells that can be seen from that cell, including itself. A cell can be seen from another cell if both cells are within the same row or column, and there are no black cells between them in that row or column. * Numbered cells must not be black. * No two black cells must be horizontally or vertically adjacent. * All the white cells must be connected horizontally or vertically. Solution methods A number of methods of solving puzzles exist. Any cell with a number in it must be white; this is very important. For example, a 2 cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NP-completeness
In computational complexity theory, a problem is NP-complete when: # it is a problem for which the correctness of each solution can be verified quickly (namely, in polynomial time) and a brute-force search algorithm can find a solution by trying all possible solutions. # the problem can be used to simulate every other problem for which we can verify quickly that a solution is correct. In this sense, NP-complete problems are the hardest of the problems to which solutions can be verified quickly. If we could find solutions of some NP-complete problem quickly, we could quickly find the solutions of every other problem to which a given solution can be easily verified. The name "NP-complete" is short for "nondeterministic polynomial-time complete". In this name, "nondeterministic" refers to nondeterministic Turing machines, a way of mathematically formalizing the idea of a brute-force search algorithm. Polynomial time refers to an amount of time that is considered "quick" for a deter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graph Coloring
In graph theory, graph coloring is a special case of graph labeling; it is an assignment of labels traditionally called "colors" to elements of a graph subject to certain constraints. In its simplest form, it is a way of coloring the vertices of a graph such that no two adjacent vertices are of the same color; this is called a vertex coloring. Similarly, an edge coloring assigns a color to each edge so that no two adjacent edges are of the same color, and a face coloring of a planar graph assigns a color to each face or region so that no two faces that share a boundary have the same color. Vertex coloring is often used to introduce graph coloring problems, since other coloring problems can be transformed into a vertex coloring instance. For example, an edge coloring of a graph is just a vertex coloring of its line graph, and a face coloring of a plane graph is just a vertex coloring of its dual. However, non-vertex coloring problems are often stated and studied as-is. This is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Nikoli Puzzle Types
is a Japanese publisher that specializes in games and, especially, logic puzzles. ''Nikoli'' is also the nickname of a quarterly magazine (whose full name is ''Puzzle Communication Nikoli'') issued by the company in Tokyo. ''Nikoli'' was established in 1980 and became prominent worldwide with the popularity of ''Sudoku''. The name "Nikoli" comes from the racehorse who won the Irish 2,000 Guineas in 1980; the founder of Nikoli, Maki Kaji, was fond of horseracing and betting. Nikoli's claim to fame is its vast library of "culture independent" puzzles. An example of a language/culture-dependent genre of puzzle would be the crossword, which relies on a specific language and alphabet. For this reason Nikoli's puzzles are often purely logical, and often numerical. Nikoli's Sudoku, the most popular logic problem in Japan, was popularized in the English-speaking world in 2005, though that game has a history stretching back hundreds of years and across the globe. The magazine has invent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Logic Puzzles
A logic puzzle is a puzzle deriving from the mathematical field of deduction. History The logic puzzle was first produced by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who is better known under his pen name Lewis Carroll, the author of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''. In his book ''The Game of Logic'' he introduced a game to solve problems such as confirming the conclusion "Some greyhounds are not fat" from the statements "No fat creatures run well" and "Some greyhounds run well". Puzzles like this, where we are given a list of premises and asked what can be deduced from them, are known as syllogisms. Dodgson goes on to construct much more complex puzzles consisting of up to 8 premises. In the second half of the 20th century mathematician Raymond M. Smullyan continued and expanded the branch of logic puzzles with books such as '' The Lady or the Tiger?'', ''To Mock a Mockingbird'' and ''Alice in Puzzle-Land''. He popularized the " knights and knaves" puzzles, which involve knights, who a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
