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Arenavirus
An arenavirus is a bisegmented ambisense RNA virus that is a member of the family ''Arenaviridae''. These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. A class of novel, highly divergent arenaviruses, properly known as reptarenaviruses, have also been discovered which infect snakes to produce inclusion body disease. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Hemorrhagic fever syndromes, including Lassa fever, are derived from infections such as Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Lujo virus, Machupo virus, Sabia virus, or Whitewater Arroyo virus. Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and bunyaviruses are designated as roboviruses. Structure Viewed in cross-section, arenaviruses contain grainy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Whitewater Arroyo Virus
''Whitewater Arroyo mammarenavirus'' (WWAV) is a zoonotic Arenavirus associated with hemorrhagic fever with liver failure. Discovery WWAV is an emerging virus; previously, it was widely distributed among woodrats (''Neotoma'' spp.), its reservoir, in the American Southwest and was not known to infect humans. However, during June 1999-May 2000, three female patients, aged 14, 30, and 52, developed similar fatal illnesses. The illnesses were associated with nonspecific febrile symptoms including fever, headache, and myalgias and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Two developed liver failure and hemorrhagic fever. All three patients died 1–8 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Arenavirus-specific RNA was detected in each patient using RT-PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the patients were essentially identical and was 87% similar to the WWA virus prototype strain (obtained from a white-throated woodrat ('' Neotoma albigula'') from New Mexico in the early 1990s). According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammarenavirus
''Mammarenavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Arenaviridae''. The name is a portmanteau of mammal and the former name ''Arenavirus'', and differentiates it from the reptile-associated ''Reptarenavirus''. ''Arenavirus'' comes from the Latin (sand) for the sandy appearance of the virions. Taxonomy The following species are recognized: * ''Allpahuayo mammarenavirus'' * ''Alxa mammarenavirus'' * ''Argentinian mammarenavirus'' * ''Bear Canyon mammarenavirus'' * ''Brazilian mammarenavirus'' * ''Cali mammarenavirus'' * ''Chapare mammarenavirus'' * ''Chevrier mammarenavirus'' * ''Cupixi mammarenavirus'' * ''Flexal mammarenavirus'' * ''Gairo mammarenavirus'' * ''Guanarito mammarenavirus'' * ''Ippy mammarenavirus'' * ''Kitale mammarenavirus'' * ''Lassa mammarenavirus'' * ''Latino mammarenavirus'' * ''Loei River mammarenavirus'' * ''Lujo mammarenavirus'' * ''Luna mammarenavirus'' * ''Lunk mammarenavirus'' * ''Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus'' * ''Machupo mammarenav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Junin Virus
''Argentinian mammarenavirus'', better known as the ''Junin virus'' or ''Junín virus'' (JUNV), is an arenavirus in the '' Mammarenavirus'' genus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The virus took its original name from the city of Junín, around which the first cases of infection were reported, in 1958. Virology Structure ''Argentinian mammarenavirus'' is a negative sense ssRNA enveloped virion with a variable diameter between 50 and 300 nm. The surface of the particle encompasses a layer of T-shaped glycoproteins, each extending up to 10 nm outwards from the envelope, which are important in mediating attachment and entry into host cells. Genome The ''Argentinian mammarenavirus'' genome is composed of two single-stranded RNA molecules, each encoding two different genes in an ambisense orientation. The two segments are termed 'short (S)' and 'long (L)' owing to their respective lengths. The short segment (around 3400 nucleotides in length) encodes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanarito Virus
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a zoonotic human illness first identified in 1989. The disease is most prevalent in several rural areas of central Venezuela and is caused by ''Guanarito mammarenavirus'' (GTOV) which belongs to the Arenaviridae family. The short-tailed cane mouse ('' Zygodontomys brevicauda'') is the main host for GTOV which is spread mostly by inhalation of aerosolized droplets of saliva, respiratory secretions, urine, or blood from infected rodents. Person-to-person spread is possible, but uncommon. Presentation VHF has many similarities to Lassa fever and to the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers that occur in Argentina and Bolivia. It causes fever and malaise followed by hemorrhagic manifestations and convulsions. Some presentations of the virus are also characterized by vascular damage, bleeding diathesis, fever, and multiple organ involvement. Clinical diagnosis of VHF has proven to be difficult based on the nonspecific symptoms. The disease is fatal in 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lassa Virus
''Lassa mammarenavirus'' (LASV) is an arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), in humans and other primates. ''Lassa mammarenavirus'' is an emerging virus and a select agent, requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment. It is endemic in West African countries, especially Sierra Leone, the Republic of Guinea, Nigeria, and Liberia, where the annual incidence of infection is between 300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year. As of 2012 discoveries within the Mano River region of west Africa have expanded the endemic zone between the two known Lassa endemic regions, indicating that LASV is more widely distributed throughout the tropical wooded savannah ecozone in west Africa. There are no approved vaccines against Lassa fever for use in humans. Discovery In 1969, missionary nurse Laura Wine fell ill with a mysterious disease she contracted from an obstetrical patient in Lassa, a village in Borno State, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lujo Virus
Lujo is a bisegmented RNA virus—a member of the family '' Arenaviridae''—and a known cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans. Its name was suggested by the Special Pathogens Unit of the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NICD-NHLS) by using the first two letters of the names of the cities involved in the 2008 outbreak of the disease, Lusaka (Zambia) and Johannesburg (Republic of South Africa). It is the second pathogenic ''Arenavirus'' to be described from the African continent—the first being Lassa virus—and since 2012 has been classed as a " Select Agent" under U.S. law. History Only 5 cases of this virus have ever been reported; all 5 were identified in September and October 2008, and 4 were fatal. Those infections that proved fatal caused death within 10–13 days of showing symptoms. All four patients in which infection proved fatal first showed signs of improvement and then went into respiratory distress ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sabia Virus
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (BzHF) is an infectious disease caused by ''Brazilian mammarenavirus'', an arenavirus. ''Brazilian mammarenavirus'' is one of the arenaviruses from South America to cause hemorrhagic fever. It shares a common progenitor with '' Argentinian mammarenavirus'', '' Machupo mammarenavirus'', '' Tacaribe mammarenavirus'', and '' Guanarito mammarenavirus''. It is an enveloped RNA virus and is highly infectious and lethal. Very little is known about this disease, but it is thought to be transmitted by the excreta of rodents. This virus has also been implicated as a means for bioterrorism, as it can be spread through aerosols. As of 2019, there had only been four documented infections of ''Brazilian mammarenavirus'': two occurred naturally, and the other two cases occurred in the clinical setting. The first naturally occurring case was in 1990, when a female agricultural engineer who was staying in the neighborhood of Jardim Sabiá in the municipality of Cotia, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machupo Virus
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by ''Machupo mammarenavirus''.Public Health Agency of Canada: ''Machupo Virus Pathogen Safety Data Sheet'', http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/machupo-eng.php, Date Modified: 2011-02-18. BHF was first identified in 1963 as an ambisense RNA virus of the '' Arenaviridae'' family, by a research group led by Karl Johnson. The mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent. Due to its pathogenicity, Machupo virus requires Biosafety Level Four conditions, the highest level.Center for Food Security & Public Health and Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University: ''Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Arenaviruses'', http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_arenavirus.pdf, last updated: February 23, 2010. During the period between Februa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunyavirus
''Bunyavirales'' is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class ''Ellioviricetes''. The name ''Bunyavirales'' derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species ''Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'' was first discovered. ''Ellioviricetes'' is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses. Bunyaviruses belong to the fifth group of the Baltimore classification system, which includes viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. They have an enveloped, spherical virion. Though generally found in arthropods or rodents, certain viruses in this order occasionally infect humans. Some of them also infect plants. In addition, there is a group of bunyaviruses whose replication is restricted to arthropods and is known as insect-specific bunyaviruses. A majority of bunyaviruses are vector-born ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lassa Fever
Lassa fever, also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF), is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus. Many of those infected by the virus do not develop symptoms. When symptoms occur they typically include fever, weakness, headaches, vomiting, and muscle pains. Less commonly there may be bleeding from the mouth or gastrointestinal tract. The risk of death once infected is about one percent and frequently occurs within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. Of those who survive, about a quarter have hearing loss, which improves within three months in about half of these cases. The disease is usually initially spread to people via contact with the urine or feces of an infected multimammate mouse. Spread can then occur via direct contact between people. Diagnosis based on symptoms is difficult. Confirmation is by laboratory testing to detect the virus's RNA, antibodies for the virus, or the virus itself in cell culture. Other conditions that may present similar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses in which fever and hemorrhage are caused by a viral infection. VHFs may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses: the families '' Filoviridae'', ''Flaviviridae'', ''Rhabdoviridae'', and several member families of the ''Bunyavirales'' order such as '' Arenaviridae'', and ''Hantaviridae''. All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases. Some of the VHF agents cause relatively mild illnesses, such as the Scandinavian '' nephropathia epidemica'' (a hantavirus), while others, such as Ebola virus, can cause severe, life-threatening disease. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of VHFs include (by definition) fever and bleeding: * Flushing of the face and chest, small red or purple spots (petechiae), bleeding, swelling caused by edema, low blood pressure (hypotension), and circulatory shock. * Malaise, muscle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is a rodent-borne viral infectious disease that presents as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Its causative agent is ''lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus'' (LCMV), a member of the family '' Arenaviridae''. The name was coined by Charles Armstrong in 1934. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is "a viral infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord and of the cerebrospinal fluid". Lasker, Jill S. "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis". The name is based on the tendency of an individual to have abnormally high levels of lymphocytes during infection. Choriomeningitis is "cerebral meningitis in which there is marked cellular infiltration of the meninges, often with a lymphocytic infiltration of the choroid plexuses". Signs and symptoms LCMV infection manifests itself in a wide range of clinical symptoms, and may even be asymptomatic for immunocompetent individuals. CDC. "Information for Pet Owners: Reduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
