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Alma (Algeria)
Boudouaou, during French colonialism known as L'Alma (or Alma) is a town in the western part of Boumerdès, Algeria. It is a coastal town on the Mediterranean Sea. Its population in 2008 was 56,398. The original name is thought to be ''bou-dhou-aou'', for illuminator in reference to a small insect the size of a beetle which at night shows beautiful brilliant green light in its tail. Archaeology Several prehistoric vestiges were discovered during the period of occupation. With the arrival of the colonizers and the project of colonization on the lands of Boudouaou, many prehistoric vestiges under the occupation were disc ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provinces Of Algeria
Algeria, since December 18, 2019, is divided into 58 wilaya, wilayas (province, provinces). Prior to December 18, 2019, there were 48 provinces. The 58 provinces are divided into 1,541 baladiyahs (Municipalities of Algeria, municipalities). The name of a province is always that of its capital city. According to the Algerian constitution, a wilaya is a territorial collectivity enjoying economic and diplomatic freedom, the APW, or ''"Popular Provincial Parliament/Provincial Popular Parliament"'' (the ''Assemblée Populaire Wilayale'', in French) is the political entity governing a province, directed by the "Wali (administrative title), Wali" (Governor), who is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the APW's decisions, the APW has also a president, who is elected by the members of the APW, which Algerians elect. List By 1984 the number of Algerian provinces were fixed at 48 and established the list of municipalities or "communes" attached to each province. In 2019, 10 new pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rachid Mimouni
Rachid Mimouni (In Arabic:رشيد ميموني) (20 November 1945 – 12 February 1995) was an Algerian writer, teacher and human rights activist. Mimouni wrote novels describing Algerian society in a realist style. He was threatened by Islamic militants for his stance against a movement which he described as being based on archaic ideas, irrelevant in the present time. Biography Rachid Mimouni was born in Boudouaou, 30 km from Algiers to a family of poor peasants. Mimouni studied science at the University of Algiers before becoming a teacher at the ''École supérieure du commerce'' (business school) in Algiers. He was president of the Kateb Yacine foundation and he also held the position of vice-president at Amnesty International. He fled Algeria for France in 1993 to escape the civil war and the assassinations of intellectuals. He died in Paris in 1995 of hepatitis Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people or animals with hepatitis have no sympto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmed Mahsas
Ahmed Mahsas (November 17, 1923 – February 24, 2013) was an Algerian militant in the nationalist movement against French Algeria. Early life Ahmed Mahsas was born on 17 November 1923 in Boudouaou, Kabylia (now Boumerdès). He grew up in the wooded and mountainous region of the Col des Beni Aïcha. His family is from the village of Mahsas near Tidjelabine and the Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi. His parents settled in Boudouaou at the start of the 20th century. Algerian nationalism Mahsas was an early independence activist, and joined the Algerian People's Party (PPA) in Boudouaou in 1940 when he was 16. He was arrested by French authorities for the first time in 1941 with Mohamed Belouizdad for his actions within the PPA in the Belcourt ( Belouizdad) district of Algiers. He became a militant in Algiers within organizations related to the PPA, such as the Central Youth Committee of Grand Paris (french: Comité central jeune du grand Paris) (CCJGA) and the Youth Committee of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2006 Boudouaou Bombing
The 2006 Boudouaou bombing occurred on August 8, 2006, when an explosive bomb detonated against a patrol of the Algerian police in the town of Boudouaou, Boumerdès Province, Algeria injuring 3. The Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb is suspected as being responsible. See also * Terrorist bombings in Algeria * List of terrorist incidents, 2006 This is a timeline of incidents in 2006 that have been labelled as terrorism and are not believed to have been carried out by a government or its forces (see state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism). Guidelines * To be included, entries ... References 2006 crimes in Algeria History of Boumerdès Province Suicide car and truck bombings in Algeria Mass murder in 2006 2006 disasters in Algeria Terrorist incidents in Africa in 2006 Terrorist incidents in Algeria in the 2000s 2006 murders in Algeria Islamic terrorism in Algeria {{terrorism-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Alma (Algeria)
The Battle of Alma or Battle of Boudouaou, which broke out on 19 April 1871, was a battle of the Mokrani Revolt by Algerian rebels against France, which had been the colonial power in the region since 1830. Presentation The rebels of the Mokrani Revolt, after several successes, headed for Algiers via Alma ( Boudouaou) after having taken control of '' Palestro'' ( Lakhdaria), '' Laazib Zamoum'' ( Naciria), ''Bordj Menaïel'', the ''Issers'' and the '' Col des Beni Aïcha'' ( Thenia). It was the Marabout Cheikh Boumerdassi, Cheikh of the ''Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi'', and Marabout Cheikh Boushaki, Cheikh of the ''Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki'', who led this Algerian attack against the French colonies in Lower Kabylia. Advancing from Palestro towards Algiers, the fighters were stopped at Boudouaou (Alma) on 22 April 1871. The Algerian rebels then made a fatal error in their advance towards Algiers, by igniting a fire in the woods around Reghaïa which alerted the French garrison. Frenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Battle Of The Issers
The First Battle of the Issers in May 1837, during the French conquest of Algeria, pitted the troupes coloniales under General Perrégaux and Colonel Schauenburg against the troops of Kabylia of the ''Igawawen''. Background The ceasefire situation which presided between the Kabylia and the French colonial power in Algiers after the invasion of the troupes coloniales in 1830 suddenly changed when the Kabyle marabouts of the Rahmaniyya Sufi brotherhood rallied to Emir Abdelkader in early 1837. This is how the Emirate of Abdelkader spread to the eastern suburbs of the Casbah of Algiers and the appointment of Emir Mustapha, younger brother of Emir Abdelkader, as Bey of Titteri encouraged Algerians to plan to attack the new French colonies which extended in Mitidja after the successive massacres which occurred after the massacre of El Ouffia in 1832 and accelerated the spoliation and the sequestration of the lands and properties of the Algerians. The Kabyle response was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Battle Of Boudouaou
The First Battle of Boudouaou in 25–26 May 1837, during the French conquest of Algeria, pitted the troupes coloniales under Colonel Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg against the troops of Kabylia of the ''Igawawen''. Historical Context When Emir Abdelkader was preparing to negotiate a truce with the French invaders in 1837 in order to devote himself to building his ''Emirate of Abdelkader, Emirate'' which would then encircle the Casbah of Algiers, he then stepped up his attacks against agricultural farms and French military posts in Mitidja to balance the balance of power to its advantage. He then set up his command center in Titteri mountain range and, from 8 May 1837, caused an insurrection of the Kabyle people, Kabyles of the Khachna mountain range, the Thénia, Beni Aïcha region and the Issers plain to the east of the rich plain of ''Mitidja''. This is how the attack on the ''Mercier farm'' in Réghaïa by the rebels commanded by Emir Mustapha, brother of ''Emir Abdelkader ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Expedition Of The Col Des Beni Aïcha
The Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha in May 1837, during the French conquest of Algeria, pitted the troupes coloniales under Colonel Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg against the troops of ''Beni Aïcha'' of the ''Igawawen''. Historical Context This expedition was started in May 1837 from Algiers to the city of Constantine via the mountain range of Khachna in Kabylia. This military reaction came after the signing of the Treaty of Tafna between General Thomas Robert Bugeaud with Emir Abdelkader in . The treaty effectively recognized the control of the Emirate of Abdelkader over a large part of the interior area of what is now Algeria. Emir Abdekader exploited this treaty to assert his power over the tribes throughout the interior of the country, building new towns far from French control with a rigorous administration. He worked especially in Kabylia and elsewhere to raise the Muslim population under French control to resist by both peaceful and military means their posses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, and science. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its very early system of street lighting, in the 19th century it became known as "the City of Light". Like London, prior to the Second World War, it was also sometimes called the capital of the world. The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an estimated population of 12,262,544 in 2019, or about 19% of the population of France, making the region France's primate city. The Paris Region had a GDP of €739 billion ($743 billion) in 2019, which is the highest in Europe. According to the Economist Intelli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central European Time
Central European Time (CET) is a standard time which is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The time offset from UTC can be written as UTC+01:00. It is used in most parts of Europe and in a few North African countries. CET is also known as Middle European Time (MET, German: MEZ) and by colloquial names such as Amsterdam Time, Berlin Time, Brussels Time, Madrid Time, Paris Time, Rome Time, Warsaw Time or even Romance Standard Time (RST). The 15th meridian east is the central axis for UTC+01:00 in the world system of time zones. As of 2011, all member states of the European Union observe summer time (daylight saving time), from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October. States within the CET area switch to Central European Summer Time (CEST, UTC+02:00) for the summer. In Africa, UTC+01:00 is called West Africa Time (WAT), where it is used by several countries, year round. Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia also refer to it as ''Central European ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lighting
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. History With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 years ago, fire was kindl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011. Having emerged in the 1st century, it is named after the Arabs, Arab people; the term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the Arabian Peninsula, as perceived by geographers from ancient Greece. Since the 7th century, Arabic has been characterized by diglossia, with an opposition between a standard Prestige (sociolinguistics), prestige language—i.e., Literary Arabic: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Classical Arabic—and diverse vernacular varieties, which serve as First language, mother tongues. Colloquial dialects vary significantly from MSA, impeding mutual intelligibility. MSA is only acquired through formal education and is not spoken natively. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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