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Albert Algebra
In mathematics, an Albert algebra is a 27-dimensional exceptional Jordan algebra. They are named after Abraham Adrian Albert, who pioneered the study of non-associative algebras, usually working over the real numbers. Over the real numbers, there are three such Jordan algebras up to isomorphism.Springer & Veldkamp (2000) 5.8, p.153 One of them, which was first mentioned by and studied by , is the set of 3×3 self-adjoint matrices over the octonions, equipped with the binary operation :x \circ y = \frac12 (x \cdot y + y \cdot x), where \cdot denotes matrix multiplication. Another is defined the same way, but using split octonions instead of octonions. The final is constructed from the non-split octonions using a different standard involution. Over any algebraically closed field, there is just one Albert algebra, and its automorphism group ''G'' is the simple split group of type F4.Springer & Veldkamp (2000) 7.2 (For example, the complexifications of the three Albert algebras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E7 Lie Algebra
In mathematics, E7 is the name of several closely related Lie groups, linear algebraic groups or their Lie algebras e7, all of which have dimension 133; the same notation E7 is used for the corresponding root lattice, which has rank 7. The designation E7 comes from the Cartan–Killing classification of the complex simple Lie algebras, which fall into four infinite series labeled A''n'', B''n'', C''n'', D''n'', and five exceptional cases labeled E6, E7, E8, F4, and G2. The E7 algebra is thus one of the five exceptional cases. The fundamental group of the (adjoint) complex form, compact real form, or any algebraic version of E7 is the cyclic group Z/2Z, and its outer automorphism group is the trivial group. The dimension of its fundamental representation is 56. Real and complex forms There is a unique complex Lie algebra of type E7, corresponding to a complex group of complex dimension 133. The complex adjoint Lie group E7 of complex dimension 133 can be considered as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Springer-Verlag
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City. History Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.Chronology ". Springer Science+Business Media. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Mathematical Society
The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship, and serves the national and international community through its publications, meetings, advocacy and other programs. The society is one of the four parts of the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics and a member of the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. History The AMS was founded in 1888 as the New York Mathematical Society, the brainchild of Thomas Fiske, who was impressed by the London Mathematical Society on a visit to England. John Howard Van Amringe was the first president and Fiske became secretary. The society soon decided to publish a journal, but ran into some resistance, due to concerns about competing with the American Journal of Mathematics. The result was the ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', with Fiske as editor-in-chief. The de facto journal, as intended, was influential in in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memoirs Of The American Mathematical Society
''Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society'' is a mathematical journal published in six volumes per year, totalling approximately 33 individually bound numbers, by the American Mathematical Society. It is intended to carry papers on new mathematical research between 80 and 200 pages in length. Usually, a bound number consists of a single paper, i.e., it is a monograph. The journal is indexed by Mathematical Reviews, Zentralblatt MATH, Science Citation Index, Research Alert, CompuMath Citation Index, and Current Contents. Other journals from the AMS * ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' * ''Journal of the American Mathematical Society'' * ''Notices of the American Mathematical Society ''Notices of the American Mathematical Society'' is the membership journal of the American Mathematical Society (AMS), published monthly except for the combined June/July issue. The first volume appeared in 1953. Each issue of the magazine since ...'' * ''Proceedings of the Ame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annals Of Mathematics
The ''Annals of Mathematics'' is a mathematical journal published every two months by Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study. History The journal was established as ''The Analyst'' in 1874 and with Joel E. Hendricks as the founding editor-in-chief. It was "intended to afford a medium for the presentation and analysis of any and all questions of interest or importance in pure and applied Mathematics, embracing especially all new and interesting discoveries in theoretical and practical astronomy, mechanical philosophy, and engineering". It was published in Des Moines, Iowa, and was the earliest American mathematics journal to be published continuously for more than a year or two. This incarnation of the journal ceased publication after its tenth year, in 1883, giving as an explanation Hendricks' declining health, but Hendricks made arrangements to have it taken over by new management, and it was continued from March 1884 as the ''Annals of Mathematics''. The n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurwitz's Theorem (composition Algebras)
In mathematics, Hurwitz's theorem is a theorem of Adolf Hurwitz (1859–1919), published posthumously in 1923, solving the Hurwitz problem for finite-dimensional unital real non-associative algebras endowed with a positive-definite quadratic form. The theorem states that if the quadratic form defines a homomorphism into the positive real numbers on the non-zero part of the algebra, then the algebra must be isomorphic to the real numbers, the complex numbers, the quaternions, or the octonions. Such algebras, sometimes called Hurwitz algebras, are examples of composition algebras. The theory of composition algebras has subsequently been generalized to arbitrary quadratic forms and arbitrary fields. Hurwitz's theorem implies that multiplicative formulas for sums of squares can only occur in 1, 2, 4 and 8 dimensions, a result originally proved by Hurwitz in 1898. It is a special case of the Hurwitz problem, solved also in . Subsequent proofs of the restrictions on the dimension have be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euclidean Jordan Algebra
In abstract algebra, a Jordan algebra is a nonassociative algebra over a field whose multiplication satisfies the following axioms: # xy = yx (commutative law) # (xy)(xx) = x(y(xx)) (). The product of two elements ''x'' and ''y'' in a Jordan algebra is also denoted ''x'' ∘ ''y'', particularly to avoid confusion with the product of a related associative algebra. The axioms imply that a Jordan algebra is power-associative, meaning that x^n = x \cdots x is independent of how we parenthesize this expression. They also imply that x^m (x^n y) = x^n(x^m y) for all positive integers ''m'' and ''n''. Thus, we may equivalently define a Jordan algebra to be a commutative, power-associative algebra such that for any element x, the operations of multiplying by powers x^n all commute. Jordan algebras were first introduced by to formalize the notion of an algebra of observables in quantum mechanics. They were originally called "r-number systems", but were renamed "Jordan algebras" by , w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rost Invariant
In mathematics, the Rost invariant is a cohomological invariant of an absolutely simple simply connected algebraic group ''G'' over a field ''k'', which associates an element of the Galois cohomology group H3(''k'', Q/Z(2)) to a principal homogeneous space for ''G''. Here the coefficient group Q/Z(2) is the tensor product of the group of roots of unity of an algebraic closure of ''k'' with itself. first introduced the invariant for groups of type F4 and later extended it to more general groups in unpublished work that was summarized by . The Rost invariant is a generalization of the Arason invariant. Definition Suppose that ''G'' is an absolutely almost simple simply connected algebraic group over a field ''k''. The Rost invariant associates an element ''a''(''P'') of the Galois cohomology group H3(''k'',Q/Z(2)) to a ''G''-torsor ''P''. The element ''a''(''P'') is constructed as follows. For any extension ''K'' of ''k'' there is an exact sequence :0\rightarrow H^3(K,\mathbf/\mat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Module
In mathematics, a free module is a module that has a basis – that is, a generating set consisting of linearly independent elements. Every vector space is a free module, but, if the ring of the coefficients is not a division ring (not a field in the commutative case), then there exist non-free modules. Given any set and ring , there is a free -module with basis , which is called the ''free module on'' or ''module of formal'' -''linear combinations'' of the elements of . A free abelian group is precisely a free module over the ring of integers. Definition For a ring R and an R-module M, the set E\subseteq M is a basis for M if: * E is a generating set for M; that is to say, every element of M is a finite sum of elements of E multiplied by coefficients in R; and * E is linearly independent, that is, for every subset \ of distinct elements of E, r_1 e_1 + r_2 e_2 + \cdots + r_n e_n = 0_M implies that r_1 = r_2 = \cdots = r_n = 0_R (where 0_M is the zero element of M and 0_R is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cohomological Invariant
In mathematics, a cohomological invariant of an algebraic group ''G'' over a field is an invariant of forms of ''G'' taking values in a Galois cohomology group. Definition Suppose that ''G'' is an algebraic group defined over a field ''K'', and choose a separably closed field containing ''K''. For a finite extension ''L'' of ''K'' in let Γ''L'' be the absolute Galois group of ''L''. The first cohomology H1(''L'', ''G'') = H1(Γ''L'', ''G'') is a set classifying the ``G''-torsors over ''L'', and is a functor of ''L''. A cohomological invariant of ''G'' of dimension ''d'' taking values in a Γ''K''-module ''M'' is a natural transformation of functors (of ''L'') from H1(L, ''G'') to H''d''(L, ''M''). In other words a cohomological invariant associates an element of an abelian cohomology group to elements of a non-abelian cohomology set. More generally, if ''A'' is any functor from finitely generated extensions of a field to sets, then a cohomological invariant of ''A'' of dime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Algebra
''Journal of Algebra'' (ISSN 0021-8693) is an international mathematical research journal in algebra. An imprint of Academic Press, it is published by Elsevier. ''Journal of Algebra'' was founded by Graham Higman, who was its editor from 1964 to 1984. From 1985 until 2000, Walter Feit served as its editor-in-chief. In 2004, ''Journal of Algebra'' announced (vol. 276, no. 1 and 2) the creation of a new section on computational algebra, with a separate editorial board. The first issue completely devoted to computational algebra was vol. 292, no. 1 (October 2005). The Editor-in-Chief of the ''Journal of Algebra'' is Michel Broué, Université Paris Diderot, and Gerhard Hiß, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen ( RWTH) is Editor of the computational algebra section. See also *Susan Montgomery M. Susan Montgomery (born 2 April 1943 in Lansing, MI) is a distinguished American mathematician whose current research interests concern noncommutative algebras: in parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
