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Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi, known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid () and Ibn al-Mu'allim (c.9481022 CE), was a prominent Twelver Shia theologian. His father was a teacher (''mu'allim''), hence the name Ibn al-Mu'allim. The title "al-Mufid" was given to him either by Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia Imam, or by al-Rummani, a Sunni scholar, after a conversation with him. The leader of the Shia community, he was a mutakallim, theologian, and Shia jurist. He was taught by Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Ibn Qulawayh, Abu Abdallah al-Basri and al-Rummani, and Sharif al-Murtaza and Shaykh Tusi were among his students. Only 10 of his 200 works have survived, among which are ''Amali'', ''Al-Irshad'', ''Al-Muqni'ah'', and ''Tashih al-Itiqadat''. Early life and education Al-Mufid was born in 'Ukbara, a small town to the north of Baghdad, on 11th Dhul Qa'dah in 336 Hijra. According to Shaykh Tusi, however, he was born in 338 AH, and later migrated with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ''Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the Muhammad in Islam, main and final Islamic prophet.Peters, F. E. 2009. "Allāh." In , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . (See alsoquick reference) "[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.'" It is the Major religious groups, world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Amali (of Shaykh Mufid)
''Al-Amali'' or ''The Dictations'' is a theological, religious and historical book written by Shaykh Mufid. This book includes the ethical and theological beliefs among Shia. Concept The tradition of writing Amali refers to a particular style in Islamic cultures such as disciplines like jurisprudence, tradition and literature. In other words, this concept designated on writing and arrangement of Hadith by hearers. This custom has three parts:one part is one who hear the hadith or traditions and dictate them as Mostamli. The second part is one who speaks and explains the tradition as Momli and third part is the action of dictation as Imla. Author Shaykh Mufid was a prominent Twelver Shi'a theologian. He was son of ''Muallim'', hence called ''Ibn Muallim''.Taught by Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Ibn Qulawayh, Abu Abdallah al-Basri and al-Rummani, Sharif al-Murtaza Abū al-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā (Arabic: أبو القاسم علي بن الحسين الشري ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dhul Qa'dah
Dhu al-Qa'dah ( ar, ذُو ٱلْقَعْدَة, ', ), also spelled Dhu al-Qi'dah or Zu al-Qa'dah, is the eleventh month in the Islamic calendar. It could possibly mean "possessor or owner of the sitting and seating place" - the space occupied while sitting or the manner of the sitting, pose or posture. It is one of the four sacred months in Islam during which warfare is prohibited, hence the name "Master of Truces". In Ottoman times, the name in Ottoman Turkish was ''Zi'l-ka'dé'', abbreviation ''Za''. In modern Turkish, it is ''Zilkade''. Transliteration The most correct and most traditionally widespread transliteration of the month according to the thirteenth century Syrian jurist al-Nawawi is ''Dhu'l Qa'dah''. Al-Nawawi also mentions that a smaller group of linguists allow the transliteration Dhu'l-Qi'dah, however. In modern times, it is most commonly referred to as Dhu'l Qi'dah although this is neither linguistically nor historically the strongest position. Timing T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baghdad
Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon. In 762 CE, Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Baghdad was the largest city in the world for much of the Abbasid era during the Islamic Golden Age, peaking at a population of more than a million. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
'Ukbara
ʿUkbarā (عكبرا) was a medieval city on the left bank of the Tigris between Samarra and Baghdad. The Tigris has changed course since, and its ruins now lie some distance from the river. Its name may possibly have inspired the " Uqbar" of Borges' short story ''Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius''. History It was refounded by the Sasanian shah Shapur I under the name of ''Vuzurg-Shapur'' (3rd century CE) and settled with Roman captives. According to adh-Dhahabi, the Buwayhid Sultan Jalal ad-Dawla fled there in 1031 to escape a slave revolt. Famous native sons include: * the great Islamic grammarian, philologist, and religious scholar Abul-Baqa Al-Ukbari (ca. 1143-1219), author of some 60 works, many of them recently reprinted; * Ibn Makula, author of an early dictionary of names, born Sha'ban 5, 421 AH * Sheikh al-M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharif Al-Murtaza
Abū al-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā (Arabic: أبو القاسم علي بن الحسين الشريف المرتضى ) (commonly known as: Sharīf Murtaḍā, Sayyid Murtaḍā, (Murtazā instead of Murtaḍā in non-Arab languages) (965 - 1044 AD ; 355 - 436 AH) also popular as ʿAlam al-Hudā was one of the greatest Shia scholars of his time and was one of the students of Shaykh al-Mufīd . He was the elder brother of Al-Sharif al-Radi (Seyyed Razi), the compiler of Nahj al-Balagha. He was four years older than his brother. He lived during the era of Buyid dynasty. It was the golden age of Arabic literature, and great poets Al-Ma'arri were among his contemporaries. Lineage He was born in Baghdad in 355 Lunar in Rajab Month. He was born in a prominent household. His lineage come backs to Imam al-Kazim. he was son of al-Sharif Abu Ahmad al-Husayn the son of Musa son of Muhammad son of Musa son of Ibrahim son of Imam Musa al-Kazim. Therefore, his sixth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harith Al-Muhasibi
al-Muḥāsibī () was an Arab philosopher, and considered to be the founder of the Baghdad School of Islamic philosophy, and a teacher of the Sufi masters Junayd al-Baghdadi and Sirri Saqti. His full name is Abu Abdullah Harith bin Asad bin Abdullah al-Anizi al-Basri hailed from the Arab Anazzah tribe. He was born in Basra in about 781. ''Muhasibi'' means self-inspection/audit. It was his characteristic property. He was a founder of Sufi doctrine, and influenced many subsequent theologians, such as al-Ghazali. The author of approximately 200 works, he wrote about theology and ''Tasawwuf'' (Sufism), among them ''Kitab al-Khalwa'' and ''Kitab al-Ri`aya li-huquq Allah'' ("Obeying God's Permits"). Life His parents left Basra for Baghdad shortly after his birth, perhaps inclined to the economic opportunities in the new capital. His father became wealthy, though al-Muhasibi refused it. Despite the affluent lifestyle available to him, he retained an ascetic quality from Al-Hasan al-B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Qulawayh
Ibn Qulawayh ( fa, ابن قولویه) (died in Baghdad, 978 or 979 AD) was a Twelver Shia traditionalist and jurist. He is one of the authoritative traditionalists among the Shia. Life His official name was Ibn Qūlawayh (Qūlūya), Abu'l-Qasem Ja'Far b. Moḥammad b. Jaʿfar b. Mūsāb. Qūlawayh Qomī Baḡdādī Abdullah Ashari may have been among his teachers. It seems that he began his education in Qom. He traveled to other places to study the Hadith. He visited Iraq and resided there while he was ill. Many of his teachers were in Iraq such as Ibn Edris Qomi, Ali Ibn Babewayh Qomi, Ibn Valid Qomi, Ibn Oqdah, Abu Omar Kashi, Abdul Aziz Ibn Yahya Jaloudi, Ibn Homam Iskafi and his father Muhammad and his brother Ali. Transmitters of Hadith There are some bodies among transmitters of Hadith for Qulawayh like Ibn Abdoon, Ibn Ayyash Johari, Ibn Babawayh, Ibn Shazan Qomi, Ibn Nouh Sirafi, and Haroun Ibn Musa talakbari who are used by Qulawayh. About his reliability, we could say ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Babawayh
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (Persian: ar, أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن بَابَوَيْه ٱلْقُمِيّ; –991), commonly referred to as Ibn Babawayh (Persian: ar, ٱبْن بَابَوَيْه, link=no) or al-Shaykh al-Saduq (Persian: ar, ٱلشَّيْخ ٱلصَّدُوق, lit=the truthful scholar, link=no) was a Persian Shia Islamic scholar whose work, entitled '' Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'' (), forms part of The Four Books of the Shia Hadith collection.Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.135. Scarecrow Press. . Life The patronymic, ''Ibn Babawayh'' indicates a Persian origin, as ''Babawayh'' is an Arabic form of the Persian name ''Babuyah''.Fyzee A. "A Shi'ite Creed." Calcutta, 1942 p8 footnote 2. For some length of time, unknown, the family had been devout adherents of Shia Islam. Ibn Babawayh's father, Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi (d. 939 CE) was a leading figure among ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutakallim
''ʿIlm al-Kalām'' ( ar, عِلْم الكَلام, literally "science of discourse"), usually foreshortened to ''Kalām'' and sometimes called "Islamic scholastic theology" or "speculative theology", is the philosophical study of Islamic doctrine (aqa'id''). It was born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of the Islamic faith against the philosophical doubters. However, this picture has been increasingly questioned by scholarship that attempts to show that kalām was in fact a demonstrative rather than a dialectical science and was always intellectually creative. The Arabic term ''Kalām'' means "speech, word, utterance" among other things. There are many possible interpretations as to why this discipline was originally called so; one is that one of the widest controversies in this discipline, in the second and third centuries of Hijra, has been about whether the "Word of God" (''Kalām Allāh''), as revealed in the Quran, is an eternal attribute of God and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunni
Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions. According to Sunni traditions, Muhammad left no successor and the participants of the Saqifah event appointed Abu Bakr as the next-in-line (the first caliph). This contrasts with the Shia view, which holds that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor. The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ("the people of the Sunnah and the community") or for short. In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called ''Sunnism'', while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah. Sunni Islam is sometimes referre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Al-Mahdi
Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī ( ar, محمد بن الحسن المهدي) is believed by the Twelver Shia to be the last of the Twelve Imams and the eschatological Mahdi, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justice and redeem Islam. Hasan al-Askari, the eleventh Imam, died in 260 AH (873-874 CE), possibly poisoned by the Abbasids. Immediately after his death, his main representative, Uthman ibn Sa'id, claimed that the eleventh Imam had an infant son named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution. Uthman also claimed to represent Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation. Other local representatives of al-Askari largely supported these assertions, while the Shia community fragmented into several sects over al-Askari's succession. All these sects, however, are said to have disappeared after a few decades except the Twelvers, who accept the son of al-Askari as the twelfth and final Imam in occultation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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