Avian Pallium

	Avian Pallium In the neuroanatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain. The subpallium is the ventral telencephalon. The pallium of avian species tends to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. Birds have a unique pallial structure known as the hyperpallium, once called the ''hyperstriatum''. A 2002 conference at Duke University ( Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium) established a standard nomenclature for describing the avian pallium as follows: Pallium pyriform cortex olfactory bulb hippocampus * corticoid area hyperpallium * apicale * intercalatum * densocellulare mesopallium * dorsale * ventrale nidopallium * field L2 * entopallium * basorostralis arcopallium amygdaloid complex * posterior amygdala *** nucleus taeniae * Subpallium striatum lateral medial pallidum * globus pallidus or dorsal pallidum ventral pallidum Notable researchers Stanley Cobb * Onur Günt� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Striatum The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the striate nucleus), is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain. The striatum is a critical component of the motor and reward systems; receives glutamatergic and dopaminergic inputs from different sources; and serves as the primary input to the rest of the basal ganglia. Functionally, the striatum coordinates multiple aspects of cognition, including both motor and action planning, decision-making, motivation, reinforcement, and reward perception. The striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus. The lentiform nucleus is made up of the larger putamen, and the smaller globus pallidus. Strictly speaking the globus pallidus is part of the striatum. It is common practice, however, to implicitly exclude the globus pallidus when referring to striatal structures. In primates, the striatum is divided into a ventral striatum, and a dorsal striatum, subdivisions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nucleus Taeniae Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus may also refer to: Science, technology, and mathematics Astronomy Active galactic nucleus in astronomy Comet nucleus, the solid, central part of a comet Biology * Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus (neuroanatomy), a cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system Nucleus that forms in the eye in nuclear sclerosis (early cataracts) ''Nucleus'', a scientific journal concerned with the cell nucleus; published by Taylor & Francis Nucleus, a small colony of honeybees, induced to raise a new queen by the beekeeper Computer systems * Nucleus (operating system), sometimes a synonym for kernel * Nucleus CMS, a weblog system * Nucleus RTOS, a real-time op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Posterior Amygdala Posterior may refer to: * Posterior (anatomy), the end of an organism opposite to its head ** Buttocks, as a euphemism * Posterior horn (other) * Posterior probability The posterior probability is a type of conditional probability that results from updating the prior probability with information summarized by the likelihood via an application of Bayes' rule. From an epistemological perspective, the posterior ..., the conditional probability that is assigned when the relevant evidence is taken into account * Posterior tense, a relative future tense {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Amygdaloid Complex Amygdaloid, derived from the ancient Greek for almond, may refer to: * The amygdala in the brain * Any shape resembling an almond nut * Amygdule Amygdules or amygdales () form when the vesicles (pores from gas bubbles in lava) of a volcanic rock or other extrusive igneous rock are infilled with a secondary mineral, such as calcite, quartz Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral c ..., or amygdale, a mineral filled vesicle in volcanic rock, ''amygdaloidal'' texture * Amygdaloid Island, an island in Lake Superior {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Arcopallium The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex, and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior pallial amygdala. The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala. The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged basal ganglia, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence.{{cite journal , vauthors=Reiner A, Perkel DJ, Bruce LL , title=Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei , journal=J. Comp. Neurol. , volume=473 , issue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Field L2 Field may refer to: Expanses of open ground * Field (agriculture), an area of land used for agricultural purposes * Airfield, an aerodrome that lacks the infrastructure of an airport * Battlefield * Lawn, an area of mowed grass * Meadow, a grassland that is either natural or allowed to grow unmowed and ungrazed * Playing field, used for sports or games Arts and media * In decorative art, the main area of a decorated zone, often contained within a border, often the background for motifs Field (heraldry), the background of a shield In flag terminology, the background of a flag * ''FIELD'' (magazine), a literary magazine published by Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio * ''Field'' (sculpture), by Anthony Gormley Organizations * Field department, the division of a political campaign tasked with organizing local volunteers and directly contacting voters * Field Enterprises, a defunct private holding company ** Field Communications, a division of Field Enterprises * Field Mus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nidopallium The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also for other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium because the prior name, neostriatum, suggested that the region was used for more primitive functions as the neostriatum in mammalian brains is sub-cortical. Anatomy The avian nidopallium is an area of the cortical telencephalon of the avian forebrain, and is itself subdivided into smaller regions as a result of further functional localisation. It has been apportioned along the rostrocaudal (anteroposterior) axis into three hypothetical segments: the rostral, intermediate and caudal nidopallium. These three regions are themselves trichotomised: the caudal nidopallium, for example, aggregates the nidopallium caudocentral (NCC), caudomedial (NCM) and caudolateral (NCL). It is the nidopallium caudolaterale which is thought ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]