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Astomonema
''Astomonema'' is a genus of nematode worms in the family Siphonolaimidae. They lack a mouth or conventional digestive tract, but contain symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that serve as their primary food source. They live in the marine interstitial habitat. Systematics The genus was first described in 1982 from specimens collected at the coast of North Carolina. It belongs to the subfamily Astomonematinae within the family Siphonolaimidae, along with another genus '' Parastomonema''; both these genera have reduced digestive systems and paired ovaries. Five species of ''Astomonema'' have been described. * ''Astomonema jenneri'' Ott, Rieger, Rieger & Enderes, 1982 * ''Astomonema obscura'' (Boucher & Helléouët, 1977) * ''Astomonema otti'' Vidakovic & Boucher, 1987 * ''Astomonema southwardorum'' Austen, Warwick & Ryan, 1993 * ''Astomonema brevicauda'' (Vitiello, 1971) Vidakovik & Boucher, 1987 (taxon inquirendum) Description Worms of the type species ''Astomonema jenner ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stilbonematinae
Stilbonematinae is a subfamily of the nematode worm family Desmodoridae that is notable for its symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Systematics Stilbonematinae Chitwood, 1936 belongs to the family Desmodoridae in the order Desmodorida. Nine genera have been described. * '' Adelphos'' Ott, 1997 * '' Catanema'' Cobb, 1920 * '' Centonema'' Leduc, 2013 * '' Eubostrichus'' Greeff, 1869 * '' Laxus'' Cobb, 1894 * '' Leptonemella'' Cobb, 1920 * '' Parabostrichus'' Tchesunov et al. 2012 * '' Robbea'' Gerlach, 1956 * '' Squanema'' Gerlach, 1963 * '' Stilbonema'' Cobb, 1920 Description Stilbonematines can be up to 10 mm long, with a club-like head. The worms are completely covered in a coat of ectosymbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria except for the anterior region. The presence of the bacteria, which often contain intracellular inclusions of elemental sulfur, gives the worms a bright white appearance under incident light. They have small mouths and buccal cavities, and shor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siphonolaimidae
Siphonolaimidae is a family of nematodes belonging to the order Monhysterida The Monhysterida are an order in the phylum Nematoda The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eel .... Genera: * '' Astomonema'' Ott, Rieger, Rieger & Enderes, 1982 * '' Cyartonema'' * '' Parastomonema'' Kito, 1989 * '' Paraterschellingia'' * '' Siphonolaimus'' de Man, 1893 * '' Solenolaimus'' Cobb, 1893 * '' Southernia'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5270466 Nematodes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motility, able to move, can Sexual reproduction, reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of Cell (biology), cells, the blastula, during Embryogenesis, embryonic development. Over 1.5 million Extant taxon, living animal species have been Species description, described—of which around 1 million are Insecta, insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have Ecology, complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a Symmetry in biology#Bilate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphid
Amphids (Greek: ''amphi'', around, double) are innervated invaginations of cuticle in nematodes. They are usually found in the anterior (head) region of the animal, at the base of the lips. Amphids are the principal olfactosensory organs of nematodes. Each amphid is made up of 12 sensory neurons with ciliated dendrite Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον ''déndron'', "tree"), also dendrons, are branched protoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell that propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the n ...s. References Nematode anatomy {{nematode-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemosynthesis
In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis. Chemoautotrophs, organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse. Groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically-important taxa include the sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria, the Campylobacterota, the Aquificota, the methanogenic archaea, and the neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from single-carbon molecules. Two categories can be distinguished. In the rare sites where hydrogen molecules (H2) are available, the energy available from the reaction between CO2 and H2 (leading to production of m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenylyl-sulfate Reductase
Adenylyl-sulfate reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of the reduction of adenylyl-sulfate/adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) to sulfite through the use of an electron donor cofactor. The products of the reaction are AMP and sulfite, as well as an oxidized electron donor cofactor. Nomenclature This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is AMP, sulfite:acceptor oxidoreductase (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming). Other names in common use include adenosine phosphosulfate reductase, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase, APS-reductase, APS reductase, AMP, sulfite:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, and (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming). This enzyme participates in selenium metabolism and sulfur metabolism. Mechanism APS reductase catalyzes the reversible transformation of APS to sulfite and AMP, which is the rate determining ste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemotroph
A Chemotroph is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic ( chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which use photons. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around hydrothermal vents. Chemoautotroph Chemoautotrophs, in addition to deriving energy from chemical reactions, synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Chemoautotrophs can use inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia or organic sources to produce energy. Most chemoautotrophs are extremophiles, bacteria or archaea that live in hostile environments (such as deep sea vents) and are the primary producers in such ecosystems. Chemoautotrophs generally fall into s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inanidrilus Leukodermatus
''Inanidrilus leukodermatus'' is a species of annelid worm. It is known from poorly oxygenated intertidal and subtidal carbonate sands in Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wate ... (Caribbean Sea) and Bermuda (Atlantic Ocean). Living specimens typically measure in length and can measure as much as , but preserved specimens are only up to . References leukodermatus Invertebrates of Central America Fauna of Bermuda Fauna of the Caribbean Fauna of the Atlantic Ocean Animals described in 1979 Chemosynthetic symbiosis {{Annelid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olavius Algarvensis
''Olavius algarvensis'' is a species of gutless oligochaete worm in the family Tubificidae which depends on symbiotic bacteria for its nutrition. Habitats and research ''Olavius algarvensis'' lives in coastal sediments in the Mediterranean. It was first described from the Algarve Coast of Portugal, but has also been found elsewhere, e.g. off the Italian island Elba, where it co-occurs with another species, '' O. ilvae.'' It was the first species of ''Olavius'' described from the East Atlantic coast; previously the genus was only known from the Caribbean. Description ''Olavius algarvensis'' is 12–25 mm long, about 0.25 mm wide, and has between 100 and 150 segments. Like all other species in the genus ''Olavius'', this species has no digestive tract. Instead, the body cavity contains the ventral nerve cord (inside a muscular sheath) and two blood vessels which are surrounded by a "fluffy" layer of chloragocytic cells. They are distinguished from other species of ''Ol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gammaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria). It contains about 250 genera, which makes it the most genera-rich taxon of the Prokaryotes. Several medically, ecologically, and scientifically important groups of bacteria belong to this class. It is composed by all Gram-negative microbes and is the most phylogenetically and physiologically diverse class of Proteobacteria. These microorganisms can live in several terrestrial and marine environments, in which they play various important roles, including ''extreme environments'' such as hydrothermal vents. They generally have different shapes - rods, curved rods, cocci, spirilla, and filaments and include free living bacteria, biofilm formers, commensals and symbionts, some also have the distinctive trait of being bioluminescent. Metabolisms found in the different genera are very different; there are both aerobic and anaerobic (obligate or facultative) species, chemolithoautotrophic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromatiaceae
The Chromatiaceae are one of the two families of purple sulfur bacteria, together with the Ectothiorhodospiraceae. They belong to the order Chromatiales of the class Gammaproteobacteria, which is composed by unicellular Gram-negative organisms. Most of the species are photolithoautotrophs and conduct an anoxygenic photosynthesis, but there are also representatives capable of growing under dark and/or microaerobic conditions as either chemolithoautotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Both Ectothiorhodospiraceae and Chromatiaceae bacteria produce elemental sulfur globules, the difference is that in the second case they are stored inside the cells rather than outside. Sulfur is an intermediate in the oxidization of sulfide, which is ultimately converted into sulfate, and may serve as a reserve. History of classification Although purple sulfur bacteria have been known for some time, the difficulty in cultivating these microorganisms in the laboratory has made that few scientific d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion (; ) is an organelle found in the cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857 in the voluntary muscles of insects. The term ''mitochondrion'' was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A large number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids and diplomonads, have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. One eukaryote, ''Monocercomonoides'', is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, and one multicellular organism, '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
