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Assaat
Assaat Datuk Mudo (18 September 1904 – 16 June 1976), known as Mr. Assaat, was born in Banuhampu, Agam, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He was the only President of the Yogyakarta-based Republic of Indonesia before it became the part of the United States of Indonesia, and was in office from December 1949 until August 1950. He and a number of Indonesia founders, fought for the independence of Indonesia from the Dutch. Education His early education was in Islamic schools and Dutch schools in Indonesia. He studied Islam in Adabiah, Padang and also in MULO (''Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs''). And next to'' School tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen ''in Batavia (now in Jakarta). He completed his education in the Netherlands school with the title'' Meester in de Rechten ''(Bachelor of Law)''. Political Activities His activities as a politician started in Jong Sumatranen Bond. Afterwards, he joined ''Perhimpunan Pemuda Indonesia''. While in the ''Rechts Hog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assaat As Acting President In Sumedang, 1950
Assaat Datuk Mudo (18 September 1904 – 16 June 1976), known as Mr. Assaat, was born in Banuhampu, Agam Regency, Agam, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He was the only President of the Yogyakarta-based Republic of Indonesia (1949–1950), Republic of Indonesia before it became the part of the United States of Indonesia, and was in office from December 1949 until August 1950. He and a number of Indonesia founders, fought for the independence of Indonesia from the Dutch. Education His early education was in Islamic schools and Dutch schools in Indonesia. He studied Islam in Adabiah, Padang, Indonesia, Padang and also in MULO ('':nl:Meer uitgebreid lager onderwijs, Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs''). And next to'' School tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen ''in Batavia (now in Jakarta). He completed his education in the Netherlands school with the title'' Meester in de Rechten ''(Bachelor of Law)''. Political Activities His activities as a politician started in J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic Of Indonesia (1949–1950)
The State of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Negara Republik Indonesia, old spelling: ''Negara Repoeblik Indonesia'', lit. "State of the Republic of Indonesia") was a federated state ''(negara bagian)'' of the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) which was established on 27 December 1949. The territory of the state included parts of Java and most of Sumatra, and its capital was Yogyakarta. The acting president of the Republic was Assaat (Sukarno became president of the RUSI) and the prime minister was first Susanto Tirtoprodjo until 16 January 1950, then Abdul Halim. On 17 August, the United States of Indonesia ceased to exist as the last of the component states dissolved themselves into a unitary Republic of Indonesia encompassing the entire territory of the former Dutch East Indies except for West Papua. President Assaat Datuk Mudo was the only president of this Yogyakarta-based republic See also * History of Indonesia *Indonesian National Revolution *Indonesian regions Thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolutionary Government Of The Republic Of Indonesia
The Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (PRRI)) was a revolutionary government set up in Sumatra to oppose the central government of Indonesia in 1958. Although frequently referred to as the PRRI/Permesta rebellion, the Permesta rebels were a separate movement in Sulawesi, that had pledged allegiance with the PRRI on 17 February 1958. Background: Rebellion of the colonels Prior to the establishment of the PRRI, there were several "rebellions" led by the various regional Army commanders in Sumatra. These events were the result of growing dissatisfaction with the Central Government and Indonesia's faltering economic development. The Central Government was seen by some in the outer islands (i.e. outside of Java) as disconnected from the Indonesian people. Some Army commands in the outer islands began covertly operating smuggling operations of Copra and contraband items to improve their financial position. These opera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iskaq Tjokroadisurjo
Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo (Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, EVO: Iskaq Tjokrohadisoerjo; 11 July 1896 – 11 September 1984) was an Indonesian politician and advocate. A member of the Indonesian National Party, he served as Ministry of Trade (Indonesia), Minister of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia), Minister of Home Affairs during the 1950s. Originating in Jombang Regency and being educated in law, he received higher education at Leiden University after a five-year career in various colonial courts. Iskaq was one of the earliest native Indonesian advocates during the Dutch colonial period, founding multiple law offices across the country. He also took part in the nationalist movement, being a co-founder of the Indonesian National Party and being arrested along with its other leaders in 1929. During the Indonesian National Revolution, Iskaq briefly served as the Resident of Banyumas Regency, Banyumas and Mayor of Surakarta, before becoming Minister of Home Affair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Indonesia
The President of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Presiden Republik Indonesia) is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is the commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Since 2004, the president and vice president are directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of 10 years in office. Joko Widodo is the seventh and current president of Indonesia. He assumed office on 20 October 2014. History Sukarno era The Indonesian presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). The office was first filled on 18 August 1945 when Sukarno was elected by acclamation by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because according to the Transitional Provisions of the Constitution, "the President ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Kraai
Operation Kraai (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the ''de facto'' Republic of Indonesia in December 1948 after negotiations failed. With the advantage of surprise the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as ''de facto'' Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was however followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch, leading to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. Referred as the second by the Dutch, it is more commonly known in Indonesian history books and military records as ''Agresi Militer Belanda II'' (Dutch Military Aggression II).Zweers (1995) Background The second was aimed at forcing the republic to co-operate with the Dutch government in the implementation of the federalist policy as stipulated in the Lingga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Malik
Adam Malik Batubara (22 July 1917 – 5 September 1984), or more commonly referred to simply as Adam Malik, was an Indonesians, Indonesian politician, diplomat, and journalist, who served as the 3rd Vice President of Indonesia from 1978 until 1983, under President Suharto. Previously, he served in a number of diplomatic and governmental positions, including List of speakers of the People's Consultative Assembly, Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly from 1977 to 1978, Speakers of the People's Representative Council, Speaker of the People's Representative Council from 1977 to 1978, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)#List of foreign ministers, Foreign Minister of Indonesia from 1966 until 1977, and president of the United Nations General Assembly from 1971 until 1972. Born in Pematangsiantar, North Sumatra, on 22 July 1917. He grew up relatively comfortably, and was educated at the Hollandsch-Inlandsche School (HIS). He pioneered the establishment of the Antara (ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amir Sjarifoeddin
Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap ( EVO: Amir Sjarifoeddin Harahap; 27 April 1907 – 19 December 1948) was an Indonesian politician and journalist who served as the second prime minister of Indonesia from 1947 until 1948. A major leader of the left-wing during the Indonesian National Revolution, he previously served as Minister of Information from 1945 until 1946 and Minister of Defense from 1945 until 1948. Amir was born into the Sumatran aristocracy, and was educated at Leiden University. At Leiden, he became a member of the board of the Gymnasium student association in Haarlem, and was involved in the Batak student organization '' Jong Batak''. He returned to Indonesia due to family troubles, but continued his education at the '' Rechts Hogeschool'' in Batavia. After graduating, he became active in literary and journalist circles, joining the editorial board of the newspaper ''Panorama''. He also became involved with left-wing politics, and led a group of younger Marxists in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Indonesian National Committee
The Central Indonesian National Committee, ( id, Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat) or KNIP, was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia. Originally purely advisory, it later gained assumed legislative functions. The Working Committee of the KNIP became part of the People's Representative Council when Indonesia became a unitary state in 1950. Pre-independence bodies The Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942. By 1943 the tide had turned against them, and in order to encourage support for the war effort, the Japanese appointed Indonesian advisors () to the administration and appointed nationalist leader Sukarno leader of a new Central Advisory Board () in Jakarta. In March 1945, the Japanese established the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence ( id, Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan) or BPUPK, chaired by Radjiman Wediodiningrat, with Sukarno, Hatta and Thamrin among its members. This body drew up a constitutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Master Of Law
A Master of Laws (M.L. or LL.M.; Latin: ' or ') is an advanced postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In most jurisdictions, the "Master of Laws" is the advanced professional degree for those usually already admitted into legal practice. Background on legal education in common law countries To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and countries, a person must first obtain a law degree. While in most common law countries a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) is required, the U.S. generally require a professional doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law. The Juris Doctor (J.D.) is a professional doctorate Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.. Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate Report ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bangka Island
Bangka is an island lying east of Sumatra, Indonesia. It is administered under the province of the Bangka Belitung Islands, being one of its namesakes alongside the smaller island of Belitung across the Gaspar Strait. The 9th largest island in Indonesia, it had a population of 1,146,581 at the 2020 census. It is the location of the provincial capital of Pangkal Pinang, and is administratively divided into four regencies and a city. Geography Bangka is the largest landmass of the province of the Bangka Belitung Islands. It lies just east of Sumatra, separated by the Bangka Strait; to the north lies the South China Sea, to the east, across the Gaspar Strait, is the island of Belitung, and to the south is the Java Sea. It is about 12,000 km². Most of its geography consists of lower plains, swamps, small hills, and beautiful beaches. It has white pepper fields, many palm trees and rubber trees, and well-known tin mines. The island's largest city, Pangkal Pinang, is also the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adnan Kapau Gani
Adnan Kapau Gani (16 September 1905 – 23 December 1968), often abbreviated as A. K. Gani, was an Indonesian politician. Born in West Sumatra, he spent much of his youth in Java, where he studied medicine and became involved with the nascent nationalist movement before going to South Sumatra to work as a doctor. During the Indonesian National Revolution he served three terms as Minister of Welfare; two of these were concurrent with terms as a deputy prime minister. Afterwards Gani went to Palembang, South Sumatra, where he remained active in politics until his death. In November 2007 Gani was made a National Hero of Indonesia. Early life Gani was born in Palembajan, West Sumatra, west of Bukittinggi, on 16 September 1905. The son of a teacher, he finished his early studies in Bukittinggi in 1923 before going to Batavia (modern day Jakarta), first for his secondary studies and then to study medicine. He graduated from STOVIA ( nl, School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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