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Ap Ma Language
Kambot Ap Ma (Ap Ma Botin, Botin, also ''Karaube''), is a Keram language of Papua New Guinea. Compared to its nearest relative, Ambakich, Kambot drops the first segment from polysyllabic words. Kambot is spoken in Kambot village (), Keram Rural LLG, East Sepik Province. Classification Kambot was assigned to the Grass family within Ramu by Laycock and Z'graggen (1975). Foley (2005) finds the data does not support this assignment, but re-adds them to the Grass family in 2018. Foley and Ross (2005) agree that the language belongs to the Ramu – Lower Sepik family.Andrew Pawley, 2005, ''Papuan pasts'', p 56. Usher restores it to the Ramu family, but closer to the Mongol–Langam languages. Phonology Ap Ma consonants are: : Pronouns Foley (1986) proposed that Kambot had borrowed its pronouns from the Iatmul language of the Sepik family (Ndu languages The Ndu languages are the best known family of the Sepik languages of East Sepik Province in northern Papua New Guinea. ''N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Sepik Province
East Sepik is a province in Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Wewak. East Sepik has an estimated population of 433,481 people (2010 census) and is 43,426 km square in size. History Cherubim Dambui was appointed as East Sepik's first premier by Prime Minister Michael Somare upon the creation of the provincial government in 1976. Dambui remained interim premier until 1979, when he became East Sepik's permanent premier with a full term. He remained in office until 1983. Geography Wewak, the provincial capital, is located on the coast of East Sepik. There are a scattering of islands off shore, and coastal ranges dominate the landscape just inland of the coast. The remainder of the province's geography is dominated by the Sepik River, which is one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of water flow and is known for flooding—the river's level can alter by as much as five metres in the course of the year as it rises and falls. The southern areas of the province are taken up ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramu – Lower Sepik Languages
The Ramu River is a major river in northern Papua New Guinea. The headwaters of the river are formed in the Kratke Range from where it then travels about northwest to the Bismarck Sea. Along the Ramu's course, it receives numerous tributaries from the Bismarck Range to the south and the Finisterre and Adelbert. History For many millennia, people have lived along the river, and the river has formed the basis for food, transport, and culture. German exploration The area encompassed by the Ramu was part of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland when Germany established German New Guinea in 1884. The Germans were quick to explore their territory, and the mouth of the Ramu was discovered in 1886 by Vice-Admiral Freiherr von Schleinitz after returning to Finschhafen from an expedition to the nearby Sepik.Souter (1963) p. 73 Schleinitz called the Ramu, ''Ottilien'' after his ship the ''Ottilie''. The course of the river was first discovered 10 years later in 1896 after Dr Carl Lauterbach, a bot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arafundi Language
The Arafundi languages are a small language family, family of clearly related languages in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. They are conjectured to be related to the Piawi languages, Piawi and Madang languages. They are named after the Arafundi River. Alfendio is an old synonym for ''Arafundi'', from when it was still considered a single language. Languages The Arafundi languages form a dialect continuum where language boundaries are blurred. The Arafundi languages are,Usher, Timothy (2020) New Guinea WorldArafundi River/ref> *Nanubae language, Nanubae *Tapei language, Tapei *Andai language, Andai (Meakambut) *Awiakay language, Awiakay (Karamba) Kassell, et al. (2018) recognize Andai, Nanubae, and Tapei. Foley (2018) cites Hoenigman (2015) for 'Upper Arafundi' and 'Lower Arafundi', as well as listing Awiakay and 'Imboin'. However, the scope of these names is somewhat confused. Usher notes, An Enga language, Enga-based pidgin is also used by speakers of Arafundi langu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Langam Language
Pondi, also known as Langam, is a Keram language spoken in Langam village () of Keram Rural LLG, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. The majority of Pondi speakers are ethnic-Pondis. Due to the small community in which Pondi is spoken, the language has no known dialect. The most notable language variation in Pondi is based on age as the older generations are more fluent. It is related both Ulwa and Mwaki. Pondi is endangered because of the growing use and popularity of the Tok Pisin Tok Pisin (,Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh ; Tok Pisin ), often referred to by English speakers as "New Guinea Pidgin" or simply Pidgin, is a creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. It is an ... language, which is used more by the younger generations of speakers. The language is predicted to not be spoken in the next one hundred years. The lexicon of the Pondi language has many words that they acquired from other languages, however, it is n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banaro Language
Banaro is a Ramu language of Papua New Guinea. It is lexically divergent from the other branches of the family, having remarkably few cognate In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words in different languages that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymology, etymological ancestor in a proto-language, common parent language. Because language c ...s.Andrew Pawley, 2005, ''Papuan pasts'' References Ramu languages Languages of East Sepik Province Languages of Madang Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ndu Languages
The Ndu languages are the best known family of the Sepik languages of East Sepik Province in northern Papua New Guinea. ''Ndu'' is the word for 'man' in the languages that make up this group. The languages were first identified as a related family by Kirschbaum in 1922. Along with the Arapesh languages, Ndu languages are among the best documented languages in the Sepik basin, with comprehensive grammars available for many languages. A diagnostic innovative feature in the Ndu languages is the replacement of the proto-Sepik pronoun *wun ‘I’ with proto-Ndu *an ~ *na. Languages Abelam is the most populous language, with about 45,000 speakers, though Iatmül is better known to the outside world. There are eight to twelve Ndu languages; Usher (2020) counts nine: *Ngala *Ndu proper *: Iatmul, Manambu, Yelogu (Yalaku), Abelam (Ambulas), Boiken– Koiwat, Gaikundi, Sos Kundi (Sawos Kundi) Also sometimes distinguished are Keak (close to Iatmul or Sos Kundi), Kwasengen (or H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sepik Languages
The Sepik or Sepik River languages are a family of some 50 Papuan languages spoken in the Sepik river basin of northern Papua New Guinea, proposed by Donald Laycock in 1965 in a somewhat more limited form than presented here. They tend to have simple phonologies, with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones. The best known Sepik language is Iatmül. The most populous are Iatmül's fellow Ndu languages Abelam and Boiken, with about 35,000 speakers each. The Sepik languages, like their Ramu neighbors, appear to have three-vowel systems, , that distinguish only vowel height in a vertical vowel system. Phonetic are a result of palatal and labial assimilation to adjacent consonants. It is suspected that the Ndu languages may reduce this to a two-vowel system, with epenthetic (Foley 1986). Classification The Sepik languages consist of two branches of Kandru's Laycock's Sepik–Ramu proposal, the Sepik subphylum and Leonhard Schultze stock. According to Malcolm Ross, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iatmul Language
Iatmul is the language of the Iatmul people, spoken around the Sepik River in the East Sepik Province, northern Papua New Guinea. The Iatmul, however, do not refer to their language by the term Iatmul, but call it ''gepmakudi'' ("village language", from gepma = "village" and kudi "speech"; pronounced as ). There are about 8,400 Iatmul traditionally organized in villages, whereas a total amount of 46,000 speakers is estimated. The inhabitants of the villages are trilingual, being fluent with Tok Pisin, good with Iatmul and having some knowledge of English. Tok Pisin is also the first language of the youngest children, despite efforts to revise this trend. An extensive grammar of Iatmul has been recently written by Gerd Jendraschek as a postdoctoral thesis. Typological profile Iatmul is part of the Ndu language family, which consists of at least six languages in which ''ndu'' is the word for 'man'. Together with Manambu it is the southernmost language of the Ndu family, spoken ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William A
William is a male given name of Germanic origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of England in 1066,All Things William"Meaning & Origin of the Name"/ref> and remained so throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. It is sometimes abbreviated "Wm." Shortened familiar versions in English include Will, Wills, Willy, Willie, Bill, and Billy. A common Irish form is Liam. Scottish diminutives include Wull, Willie or Wullie (as in Oor Wullie or the play ''Douglas''). Female forms are Willa, Willemina, Wilma and Wilhelmina. Etymology William is related to the given name ''Wilhelm'' (cf. Proto-Germanic ᚹᛁᛚᛃᚨᚺᛖᛚᛗᚨᛉ, ''*Wiljahelmaz'' > German ''Wilhelm'' and Old Norse ᚢᛁᛚᛋᛅᚼᛅᛚᛘᛅᛋ, ''Vilhjálmr''). By regular sound changes, the native, inherited English form of the name shoul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol–Langam Languages
The Mongol–Langam, Koam, or Ulmapo languages are a language group of Keram Rural LLG, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea belonging to the Ramu language family. Foley (2018) includes them within the Grass languages, but they were not included in Foley (2005). The Koam languages are spoken next to the Yuat languages, but two groups are unrelated. Names The name ''Koam'' is used by Foley (2018), while the name ''Ulmapo'' (coined from the first two letters of each of the three daughter languages) is used by Barlow (2018) and ''Glottolog'' 4.0. Languages According to Summer Institute of Linguistics data from 2003, the member languages had the following number of speakers: *Mongol (Mwakai), 340 speakers * Langam (Pondi), 420 speakers * Yaul (Ulwa), 1,210 speakers Classification Donald Laycock (1973) noted that the Mongol–Langam languages mark nouns for pluralisation, like the Lower Sepik languages (Nor–Pondo languages) and Yuat languages, and also that the lexicon also shows ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donald Laycock
Donald Laycock (1936–1988) was an Australian linguist and anthropologist. He is best remembered for his work on the languages of Papua New Guinea. Biography He was a graduate of University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia and later worked as a researcher at the University of Adelaide in Anthropology. He undertook his Ph.D. at the Australian National University in linguistics and became one among the leading authorities on the languages of Papua New Guinea.Dutton, T., Ross, M. and Tryon, D. (eds.). 1992. ''The Language Game: Papers in memory of Donald C. Laycock''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. He performed several pioneering surveys of the languages of the Sepik region of New Guinea. The first of these, his Ph.D. research under the supervision of Stephen Wurm, was published as ''The Ndu languages'' (1965), and established the existence of this closely related group of languages. In subsequent surveys, Laycock found the Ndu languages were part of a larger language fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramu Languages
The Ramu languages are a family of some thirty languages of Northern Papua New Guinea. They were identified as a family by John Z'graggen in 1971 and linked with the Sepik languages by Donald Laycock two years later. Malcolm Ross (2005) classifies them as one branch of a Ramu – Lower Sepik language family. Z'graggen had included the Yuat languages, but that now seems doubtful. With no comprehensive grammar yet available for any of the Ramu languages, the Ramu group remains one of the most poorly documented language groups in the Sepik-Ramu basin. Classification The small families listed below in boldface are clearly valid units. The first five, sometimes classified together as ''Lower Ramu,'' are relatable through lexical data, so their relationship is widely accepted. Languages of the Ottilien family share plural morphology with Nor–Pondo. Late 20th century Laycock (1973) included the Arafundi family, apparently impressionistically, but Arafundi is poorly known. Ross ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
