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Anti-communist Resistance In Romania
The Romanian anti-communist resistance movement was active from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, with isolated individual fighters remaining at large until the early 1960s. Armed resistance was the first and most structured form of resistance against the communist regime, which in turn regarded the fighters as "bandits". It was not until the overthrow of Nicolae Ceaușescu in late 1989 that details about what was called "anti-communist armed resistance" were made public. It was only then that the public learned about the several small armed groups, which sometimes termed themselves "haiducs", that had taken refuge in the Carpathian Mountains, where some hid for ten years from authorities. The last fighter was eliminated in the mountains of Banat in 1962. The Romanian resistance was one of the longest lasting armed movements in the former Eastern Bloc. Some academics argue that the extent and influence of the movement is often exaggerated in the post-Communist Romanian media, mem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern European Anti-Communist Insurgencies
Anti-communist insurgencies continued in Central and Eastern Europe after the end of World War II. They were suppressed by the Soviet Union and its satellite states. Prominent movements include: *The Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought until they were defeated in 1956. *The anti-Soviet Hungarian Revolution took place in 1956. *Baltic partisans known as the "Forest Brothers" fought until they were defeated in the early 1960s. *Romanian anti-communist resistance movement fought until they were defeated in 1962/68. *Polish partisans known as the "cursed soldiers" fought until they were defeated in 1963. *Bulgarian partisans known as "Goryani" fought until they were defeated in the early 1960s. *Croatian partisans known as "Crusaders" fought until they were defeated in the early 1950s. *Serbian partisans known as "Chetniks" fought until eradicated in the early 1950s. *Slovenian partisans fought until they were defeated in the early 1950s. *Moldovan and Romanian partisans (fighting the S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toma Arnăuțoiu
Toma Arnăuțoiu (14 February 1921 – 18 July 1959) was a Romanian officer who led a small group of anti-communist resistance fighters in the Southern Carpathian foothills between 1949 and 1958. It ended up as one of the most enduring resistance groups in Eastern Europe. Biography Early life Arnăuțoiu was born in the village of Nucșoara, Muscel County (now Argeș), Kingdom of Romania. He was the second son of schoolteacher Ion Arnăuţoiu and his wife, Laurenția. Starting in 1942 he attended the Cavalry School "King Ferdinand I" in Târgoviște, graduating fourth in his class in April 1944 with the rank of second lieutenant. He saw action in the fall of 1944, after Romania joined the Allied campaign against Germany as a result of King Michael's Coup. For his actions he was awarded on 4 November the Order of the Crown of Romania, knight class. On 26 December 1944 Arnăuțoiu was wounded in action in Hungary. After spending three months in a hospital, he resumed milit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antisemitism has historically been manifested in many ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Jews to organized pogroms by mobs, police forces, or genocide. Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is also applied to previous and later anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of persecution include the Rhineland massacres preceding the First Crusade in 1096, the Edict of Expulsion from England in 1290, the 1348–1351 persecution of Jews during the Black Death, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the Cossack massacres in Ukraine from 1648 to 1657, various anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc and the Soviet Bloc, was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America under the influence of the Soviet Union that existed during the Cold War (1947–1991). These states followed the ideology of Marxism–Leninism, in opposition to the Capitalism, capitalist Western Bloc. The Eastern Bloc was often called the Second World, whereas the term "First World" referred to the Western Bloc and "Third World" referred to the Non-Aligned Movement, non-aligned countries that were mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America but notably also included former Tito–Stalin split, pre-1948 Soviet ally SFR Yugoslavia, which was located in Europe. In Western Europe, the term Eastern Bloc generally referred to the USSR and Central and Eastern European countries in the Comecon (East Germany, Polish People's Republic, Poland, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia, Hungarian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banat
Banat (, ; hu, Bánság; sr, Банат, Banat) is a geographical and historical region that straddles Central and Eastern Europe and which is currently divided among three countries: the eastern part lies in western Romania (the counties of Timiș, Caraș-Severin, Arad south of the Mureș river, and the western part of Mehedinți); the western part of Banat is in northeastern Serbia (mostly included in Vojvodina, except for a small part included in the Belgrade Region); and a small northern part lies within southeastern Hungary (Csongrád-Csanád County). The region's historical ethnic diversity was severely affected by the events of World War II. Today, Banat is mostly populated by ethnic Romanians, Serbs and Hungarians, but small populations of other ethnic groups also live in the region. Nearly all are citizens of either Serbia, Romania or Hungary. Name During the Middle Ages, the term "banate" designated a frontier province led by a military governor who was called ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretches from the far eastern Czech Republic (3%) and Austria (1%) in the northwest through Slovakia (21%), Poland (10%), Ukraine (10%), Romania (50%) to Serbia (5%) in the south. "The Carpathians" European Travel Commission, in The Official Travel Portal of Europe, Retrieved 15 November 2016 The Carpathian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haiduc
A hajduk ( hu, hajdúk, plural of ) is a type of irregular infantry found in Central and parts of Southeast Europe from the late 16th to mid 19th centuries. They have reputations ranging from bandits to freedom fighters depending on time, place, and their enemies. In the European lands of the Ottoman Empire, the term ''hajduk'' was used to describe bandits and brigands of the Balkans, while in Central Europe for the West Slavs, Hungarians, Romanians, and Germans, it was used to refer to outlaws who protected Christians against provocative actions by the Ottomans. By the 17th century they were firmly established in the Ottoman Balkans, owing to increased taxes, Christian victories against the Ottomans, and a general decline in security. Hajduk bands predominantly numbered one hundred men each, with a firm hierarchy under one leader. They targeted Ottoman representatives and rich people, mainly rich Turks, for plunder or punishment to oppressive Ottomans, or revenge or a comb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu ( , ; – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician and dictator. He was the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, and the second and last Communist leader of Romania. He was also the country's head of state from 1967, serving as President of the State Council and from 1974 concurrently as President of the Republic, until his overthrow and execution in the Romanian Revolution in December 1989, part of a series of anti-Communist uprisings in Eastern Europe that year. Born in 1918 in Scornicești, Ceaușescu was a member of the Romanian Communist youth movement. Ceaușescu rose up through the ranks of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's Socialist government and, upon Gheorghiu-Dej's death in 1965, he succeeded to the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party as general secretary. Upon his rise to power, he eased press censorship and openly condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in his speech on 21 August ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Revolution
The Romanian Revolution ( ro, Revoluția Română), also known as the Christmas Revolution ( ro, Revoluția de Crăciun), was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania during December 1989 as a part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world. The Romanian Revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the drumhead trial and execution of longtime Romanian Communist Party (PCR) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena, and the end of 42 years of Communist rule in Romania. It was also the last removal of a Marxist–Leninist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, and the only one that violently overthrew a country's leadership and executed its leader; according to estimates, over one thousand people died and thousands more were injured. Following World War II, Romania was placed under the Soviet sphere of influence in 1947 with Communist rul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bandit
Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. Banditry is a vague concept of criminality and in modern usage can be synonymous for gangsterism, brigandage, wikt:marauder, marauding, and Theft, thievery. Definitions The term ''bandit'' (introduced to English via Italian around 1590) originates with the Germanic law, early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed ''*bannan'' (English :wikt:ban, ban). The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was ''Acht'' or '':wikt:Reichsacht, Reichsacht'', translated as "Imperial ban". In modern Italian, the equivalent word "bandito" literally means banned or a banned person. The Oxford English Dictionary, New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is Proscription, pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miliția (Romania)
The Miliția ( ro, Miliția) was the police force of Communist Romania. Establishment and structure Miliția was established by decree in January 1949; the decree simultaneously disbanded the Romanian Police and Gendarmerie, considered “bourgeois” institutions. It was part of the Interior Ministry and directly controlled by the ruling Romanian Workers’ Party. Its employees held military rank. Of the initial 35,000 members, 161 were university graduates, 9,600 had completed fourth grade or less, while 7,800 had six or seven grades of schooling. Meanwhile, the existing police were purged of pre-1945 ''Siguranța'' agents beginning in 1948, when over 1000 were imprisoned; informers were retained. Roxana Tarhon“Cum arătau și cine erau cei care asigurau ordinea în societatea comunistă” TVR, 28 April 2020 By 1951, 98% of the old policemen had been expelled, imprisoned or killed. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantin Eftimiu
Constantin Eftimiu (28 June 1893 – 19 September 1950) was a Romanian brigadier general during World War II and Minister for Public Works and Communications in the First Sănătescu cabinet. Biography Early years He was born in Bucharest in 1893. After attending the Artillery Military School from 1912 to 1914, he graduated with the rank of second lieutenant. Once Romania entered World War I on the side of the Entente, Eftimiu fought as a platoon commander, advancing to lieutenant in November 1916 and to captain in September 1917. After the war, he attended the Higher War School from 1924 to 1926, after which he was promoted to major. He advanced in rank to lieutenant in colonel in 1934, and to colonel in 1938. On 8 June 1940 he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, officer rank. World War II Romania joined Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941 in order to reclaim the lost territories of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which had been annexed by the Soviet Union in Jun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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