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Al-Muna
Kellia ("the Cells"), referred to as "the innermost desert", was a 4th-century Egyptian Christian monastic community spread out over many square kilometers in the Nitrian Desert about 40 miles south of Alexandria. It was one of three centers of monastic activity in the region, along with Nitria and Scetis (Wadi El Natrun). It is called al-Muna in Arabic and was inhabited until the 9th century. Only archaeological sites remain there today. History Founded in 338 C.E. by Saint Amun, under the spiritual guidance of Saint Anthony, it was designed for those who wished to enter the cenobitic life in a semi-anchoritic monastery. An account of its founding, perhaps legendary, is in the ''Apophthegmata Patrum''.William Harmless. ''Desert Christians: An Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism'', Oxford University Press, Jun 17, 2004pg. 281/ref> Amun, who was then a monk at Nitria, one day talked with Anthony saying that he and some brothers wanted to move away "that they ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kellia
Kellia ("the Cells"), referred to as "the innermost desert", was a 4th-century Egyptian Christian monastic community spread out over many square kilometers in the Nitrian Desert about 40 miles south of Alexandria. It was one of three centers of monastic activity in the region, along with Nitria and Scetis (Wadi El Natrun). It is called al-Muna in Arabic and was inhabited until the 9th century. Only archaeological sites remain there today. History Founded in 338 C.E. by Saint Amun, under the spiritual guidance of Saint Anthony, it was designed for those who wished to enter the cenobitic life in a semi-anchoritic monastery. An account of its founding, perhaps legendary, is in the ''Apophthegmata Patrum''.William Harmless. ''Desert Christians: An Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism'', Oxford University Press, Jun 17, 2004pg. 281/ref> Amun, who was then a monk at Nitria, one day talked with Anthony saying that he and some brothers wanted to move away "that they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Alexander II Of Alexandria
Pope Alexander II of Alexandria (Coptic: ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ; died 14 February 729) was the 43rd Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. He presided over his church during an era of great hardship and oppression. Consecration There is little information available on Alexander's early life as a layman prior to becoming a monk at the monastery of the Enaton west of Alexandria. However, at the Enaton he became well known for his chastity, sanctity, and religious scholarship. Upon the death of Simeon of Alexandria in 701, the Patriarchate of Alexdandria remained vacant for approximately four years, while the members of the church sought an appropriate successor. The lack of a patriarch, though, created economic problems for the church, so the secretary of state, or ''mutawallī al-diwān'' in Alexandria, a Copt named Athanasius, asked the governor to allow the bishop of al-Qays, Anbā Gregorius, to assume authority over the church's finances until a n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coptic Settlements
Coptic may refer to: Afro-Asia * Copts, an ethnoreligious group mainly in the area of modern Egypt but also in Sudan and Libya * Coptic language, a Northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century * Coptic alphabet, the script used for writing the Coptic language, encoded in Unicode as: ** Greek and Coptic (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters for writing the Coptic language, from which Coptic was disunified in Unicode 4.1 ** Coptic (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters for writing the Coptic language, introduced in Unicode 4.1 ** Coptic Epact Numbers, a block of Unicode characters for writing Coptic numerals * Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria or Coptic Church, the largest Christian church in Egypt and the Middle East * Coptic Catholic Church, an Alexandrian Rite particular Church * Coptic architecture, the architecture of the Copts * Coptic binding or Coptic sewing, methods of bookbinding employed by early Christians in Egypt Oth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pherme
Pherme was the location of a community of ascetic monks in the Nile Delta in Egypt which grew after the 4th century CE as a satellite community of the better known community of Kellia ('the cells'). According to the Yale Monastic Archaeology Project, the site of the monastic remains at Pherme, located 11 kilometers southeast of central Kellia, escaped some of the water damage suffered by the lower Kellia site because of its higher elevation. Today the site contains some 115 monastic hermitages, only ten of which were excavated by Swiss archaeologists during digs from 1987 to 1989. Pherme is mentioned in the ''Apophthegmata Patrum'' (''Sayings of the Desert Fathers'') as the dwelling of several Desert Fathers, including Abba Theodore of Pherme and Abba Lucius Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from ''Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames (''praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel, St. Gallen a.o.). , coordinates = , largest_city = Zürich , official_languages = , englishmotto = "One for all, all for one" , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , religion = , demonym = , german: Schweizer/Schweizerin, french: Suisse/Suissesse, it, svizzero/svizzera or , rm, Svizzer/Svizra , government_type = Federalism, Federal assembly-independent Directorial system, directorial republic with elements of a direct democracy , leader_title1 = Federal Council (Switzerland), Federal Council , leader_name1 = , leader_title2 = , leader_name2 = Walter Thurnherr , legislature = Fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its Metropolitan France, metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin (island), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoine Guillaumont
Antoine Guillaumont (13 January 1915, L'Arbresle – 25 August 2000) was a French archaeologist and Syriac scholar. He held positions notably at the École pratique des hautes études and the Collège de France, and was a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. His archaeological writings are related to the site of Kellia in Lower Egypt. As a Syriacist he was most interested in early monasticism and in the reception of the writings of Evagrius Ponticus. From 1954 to 1971, Guillaumont was the editor-in-chief of the academic quarterly ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'', edited by the Collège de France since 1880. During the 1980s. he was also the President of the Ernest Renan Joseph Ernest Renan (; 27 February 18232 October 1892) was a French Orientalist and Semitic scholar, expert of Semitic languages and civilizations, historian of religion, philologist, philosopher, biblical scholar, and critic. He wrote influe ... Society which was the francophone b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeologist
Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. It is usually considered an independent academic discipline, but may also be classified as part of anthropology (in North America – the four-field approach), history or geography. Archaeologists study human prehistory and history, from the development of the first stone tools at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades. Archaeology is distinct from palaeontology, which is the study of fossil remains. Archaeology is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for which, by definition, there are no written records. Prehistory includes over 99% of the human past, from the Paleolithic until the adve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Coptic Encyclopedia
The ''Coptic Encyclopedia'' is an eight-volume work covering the history, theology, language, art, architecture, archeology and hagiography of Coptic Egypt. The encyclopedia was written by over 250 Western and Egyptian contributing experts in the field of Coptology, history, art and theology and was edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. It was funded by Coptic Pope Shenouda III, the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and others. Characteristics The ''Coptic Encyclopedia'' is the first Encyclopedia to focus on one of the Oriental Churches Cornelis Hulsman in ''Coptic Church Review'', Vol. 13, no. 3, Fall 1992 and since its publication in 1991 it has been used by many scholars and students in the West. The ''Encyclopedia'' is the fruit of the Coptic emigrant community in the West and the crown of the work of Aziz Suryal Atiya, who did not live to see his work carried into print. Atiya developed the vision to publish an encyclopedia during the years he t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaianites
The Gaianites were a Julianist faction within the Egyptian miaphysite church between the sixth and ninth centuries.Theresia Hainthaler, "The Struggle between Chalcedonians and Anti-Chalcedonians", in ''Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2: From the Council of Chalcedona (451) to Gregory the Great (590–604), Part 4: The Church in Alexandria, with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451'' (Westminster John Knox Press, 1996), pp. 36–52, at 45–52. History By the time of the death of Patriarch Timothy IV of Alexandria in 535, Julianism (Aphthartodocetism) had become the dominant theology of Egyptian monasticism, of the rural Christian population and of the lower classes in the city of Alexandria itself. In 535, the Julianists elected as patriarch the archdeacon Gaianus, while their rivals the Severans elected the deacon Theodosius with the support of the Empress Theodora. While the Severans are considered the "imperial" faction, the Gaianites are seen as representing the "Coptic nati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barsanuphians
The Barsanuphians (also Barsanuphites or Bersounouphites) were a monophysite non-Chalcedonian Christian sect in Egypt between the late 6th and early 9th century. According to Timothy of Constantinople and the ''History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria'', the sect took its name from a certain Barsanuphius who assumed the title of bishop. They were counted among the '' Akephaloi'' (leaderless ones) who split from the mainstream monophysite patriarchate of Alexandria during the reign of the Emperor Zeno (474–491) on account of the ''Henoticon'' (482). They developed a distinct hierarchy, separating from the ''Akephaloi'', during the time of the Patriarch Damian (578–607). The Barsanuphians were limited to Alexandria and a few villages in the eastern Nile Delta. They do not seem to have had more than three bishops. Patriarch Agatho (661–677) ransomed some fugitive Barsanuphians along with members of his own flock, causing some to convert. During the reign of the Patriarch Alexan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rufinus (consul)
Flavius Rufinus ( el, Φλάβιος Ῥουφῖνος; – 27 November 395) was a 4th-century East Roman statesman of Aquitanian extraction who served as Praetorian prefect of the East for the emperor Theodosius I, as well as for his son Arcadius, under whom Rufinus exercised significant influence in the state affairs. He was the subject of the verse invective ''In Rufinum'' by the western court poet Claudian. Life Tall and always in movement, he is described as acute, ambitious, greedy and without principles, but a rigorous Christian. His difficulty with the Greek language is recorded by the sources, as well as his Aquitanian origin. In 388 he was appointed ''magister officiorum''. In 392 he served as Roman consul and in that same year he was appointed as Praetorian prefect of the East. Upon his appointment, he retained the responsibilities of the ''magister officiorum''. In order to become prefect, Rufinus is said to have persuaded the emperor that Eutolmius Tatianus, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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