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Adiantum (cipher)
Adiantum is a cipher composition for disk encryption. It uses a new cipher construction called HBSH (hash, block cipher, stream cipher, hash), specifically choosing NH, 256-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-256), ChaCha12/ChaCha20, Poly1305 for the four elements. HPolyC is an earlier variant which does not use NH. It was designed in 2018 by Paul Crowley and Eric Biggers at Google specifically for low-powered mobile devices running Android Go. It has been included in the Linux kernel since version 5.0. The construct is designed to be "wide-block", where any change in the plaintext causes the entire ciphertext to be unrecognizably changed. Adiantum is implemented in Android 10 as an alternative cipher for device encryption, particularly on low-end devices lacking hardware-accelerated support for AES. (Adiantum only invokes AES once per plaintext.) The company stated that Adiantum ran five times faster than AES-256-XTS on ARM Cortex-A7 The ARM Cortex-A7 MPCore is a 32-bit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Google
Google LLC (, ) is an American multinational corporation and technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI). It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" by the BBC and is one of the world's List of most valuable brands, most valuable brands. Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc., is one of the five Big Tech companies alongside Amazon (company), Amazon, Apple Inc., Apple, Meta Platforms, Meta, and Microsoft. Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by American computer scientists Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Together, they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its stockholder voting power through super-voting stock. The company went public company, public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cipher
In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is ''encipherment''. To encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. In common parlance, "cipher" is synonymous with "code (cryptography), code", as they are both a set of steps that encrypt a message; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography, especially classical cryptography. Codes generally substitute different length strings of characters in the output, while ciphers generally substitute the same number of characters as are input. A code maps one meaning with another. Words and phrases can be coded as letters or numbers. Codes typically have direct meaning from input to key. Codes primarily function to save time. Ciphers are algorithmic. The given input must follow the cipher's process to be solved. Ciphers are commonly used to encrypt written info ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disk Encryption
Disk encryption is a technology which protects information by converting it into code that cannot be deciphered easily by unauthorized people or processes. Disk encryption uses disk encryption software or disk encryption hardware, hardware to encryption, encrypt every bit of data that goes on a disk storage, disk or disk volume (computing), volume. It is used to prevent unauthorized access to data storage. The expression ''full disk encryption (FDE)'' (or ''whole disk encryption'') signifies that everything on the disk is encrypted, but the master boot record (MBR), or similar area of a bootable disk, with code that starts the operating system loading sequence, is not encrypted. Some hardware-based full disk encryption systems can truly encrypt an entire boot disk, including the MBR. Transparent encryption Transparent encryption, also known as real-time encryption and on-the-fly encryption (OTFE), is a method used by some disk encryption software. "Transparent" refers to the fact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UMAC (cryptography)
In cryptography, a universal hashing message authentication code, or UMAC, is a message authentication code (MAC) calculated using universal hashing, which involves choosing a hash function from a class of hash functions according to some secret (random) process and applying it to the message. The resulting digest or fingerprint is then encrypted to hide the identity of the hash function that was used. A variation of the scheme was first published in 1999. As with any MAC, it may be used to simultaneously verify both the ''data integrity'' and the ''authenticity'' of a message. In contrast to traditional MACs, which are serializable, a UMAC can be executed in parallel. Thus, as machines continue to offer more parallel-processing capabilities, the speed of implementing UMAC can increase., Equation 1 and also section 4.2 "Definition of NH". A specific type of UMAC, also commonly referred to just as "UMAC", is described in an informational RFC published as RFC 4418 in March 2006 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Advanced Encryption Standard
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (), is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgium, Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, who submitted a proposal to NIST during the Advanced Encryption Standard process, AES selection process. Rijndael is a family of ciphers with different key size, key and Block size (cryptography), block sizes. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits. AES has been adopted by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government. It supersedes the Data Encryption Standard (DES), which was published in 1977. The algorithm described by AES is a symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salsa20
Salsa20 and the closely related ChaCha are stream ciphers developed by Daniel J. Bernstein. Salsa20, the original cipher, was designed in 2005, then later submitted to the eSTREAM European Union cryptographic validation process by Bernstein. ChaCha is a modification of Salsa20 published in 2008. It uses a new round function that increases diffusion and increases performance on some architectures. Both ciphers are built on a pseudorandom function based on add–rotate–XOR (ARX) operations — 32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation operations. The core function maps a 256-bit key, a 64-bit nonce, and a 64-bit counter to a 512-bit block of the key stream (a Salsa version with a 128-bit key also exists). This gives Salsa20 and ChaCha the unusual advantage that the user can efficiently seek to any position in the key stream in constant time. Salsa20 offers speeds of around 4–14 cycles per byte in software on modern x86 processors, and reasonable hardware perfo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dm-crypt
dm-crypt is a transparent block device encryption subsystem in Linux kernel versions 2.6 and later and in DragonFly BSD. It is part of the device mapper (dm) infrastructure, and uses cryptographic routines from the kernel's Crypto API. Unlike its predecessor cryptoloop, dm-crypt was designed to support advanced modes of operation, such as XTS, LRW and ESSIV, in order to avoid watermarking attacks. In addition to that, dm-crypt addresses some reliability problems of cryptoloop. dm-crypt is implemented as a device mapper target and may be stacked on top of other device mapper transformations. It can thus encrypt whole disks (including removable media), partitions, software RAID volumes, logical volumes, as well as files. It appears as a block device, which can be used to back file systems, swap or as an LVM physical volume. Some Linux distributions support the use of dm-crypt on the root file system. These distributions use initrd to prompt the user to enter a pass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poly1305
Poly1305 is a universal hash family designed by Daniel J. Bernstein in 2002 for use in cryptography. As with any universal hash family, Poly1305 can be used as a one-time message authentication code to authenticate a single message using a secret key shared between sender and recipient, similar to the way that a one-time pad can be used to conceal the content of a single message using a secret key shared between sender and recipient. Originally Poly1305 was proposed as part of Poly1305-AES, a Carter–Wegman authenticator that combines the Poly1305 hash with AES-128 to authenticate many messages using a single short key and distinct message numbers. Poly1305 was later applied with a single-use key generated for each message using XSalsa20 in the NaCl crypto_secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305 authenticated cipher, and then using ChaCha in the ChaCha20-Poly1305 authenticated cipher deployed in TLS on the internet. Description Definition of Poly1305 Poly1305 takes a 16-byte se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Android Go
Android Go, officially Android (Go edition), is a stripped-down version of the Android operating system, designed for low-end and ultra-budget smartphones (but also used by some tablets). It is intended for smartphones with 2 GB of RAM or less and was first made available with the release of Android Oreo. The first phone pre-installed with Android Go is the Alcatel 1X, which was released in February 2018. A Go Edition is planned for Android 16, and will be released alongside the main version. Features Android Go has platform optimizations designed to reduce mobile data usage (including enabling Data Saver mode in Google Chrome by default), and a special suite of Google Mobile Services designed to be less resource and bandwidth-intensive. The Google Play Services package was also modularized to reduce its memory footprint. The Google Play Store will highlight lighter apps suited for these devices. The operating system's interface differs from that of stock Android, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linux Kernel
The Linux kernel is a Free and open-source software, free and open source Unix-like kernel (operating system), kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system (OS) which was created to be a free software, free replacement for Unix. Since the late 1990s, it has been included in many Linux distributions, operating system distributions, many of which are called Linux. One such Linux kernel operating system is Android (operating system), Android which is used in many mobile and embedded devices. Most of the kernel code is written in C (programming language), C as supported by the GNU compiler collection (GCC) which has extensions beyond standard C. The code also contains assembly language, assembly code for architecture-specific logic such as optimizing memory use and task execution. The kernel has a Modular programming, modular design such that modules can be inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Android 10
Android 10 (code name, codenamed Android Q during development) is the Android version history, tenth major release and the 17th version of the Android (operating system), Android mobile operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 13, 2019, and was released publicly on September 3, 2019. Android 10 was officially released on September 3, 2019, for supported Google Pixel devices, as well as the third-party Essential Phone and Redmi K20 Pro in selected markets. The OnePlus 7T was the first device with Android 10 pre-installed. In October 2019, it was reported that Google's certification requirements for Google Mobile Services will only allow Android 10-based builds to be approved after January 31, 2020. As of January 2025, 6.21% of Android devices (mobile & tablet) ran Android 10 (which has ceased receiving security updates in March 2023). History Google released the first beta of Android 10 under the preliminary name "Android Q" on March ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ARM Cortex-A7
The ARM Cortex-A7 MPCore is a 32-bit microprocessor core licensed by ARM Holdings implementing the ARMv7-A architecture announced in 2011. Overview It has two target applications; firstly as a smaller, simpler, and more power-efficient successor to the Cortex-A8. The other use is in the big.LITTLE architecture, combining one or more A7 cores with one or more Cortex-A15 cores into a heterogeneous system. To do this it is fully feature-compatible with the A15. Key features of the Cortex-A7 core are: * Partial dual-issue, in-order microarchitecture with an 8-stage pipeline * NEON SIMD instruction set extension * VFPv4 Floating Point Unit * Thumb-2 instruction set encoding * Jazelle RCT * Hardware virtualization * Large Page Address Extensions (LPAE) * Integrated level 2 Cache (0–1 MB) * 1.9 DMIPS / MHz * Typical clock speed 1.5 GHz Chips Several system-on-chips (SoC) have implemented the Cortex-A7 core, including: * Allwinner A20 (dual-core A7 + Mali-400 MP2 GPU) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
