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Acetobacterium Tundrae
''Acetobacterium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the Eubacteriaceae family. The type species of this genus is ''Acetobacterium woodii''. The name, ''Acetobacterium'', has originated because they are acetogens, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Most of the species reported in this genus are homoacetogens, i.e. solely producing acetic acid as their metabolic byproduct. They should not be confused with acetic acid bacteria which are aerobic, Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. Other acetogens use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carb ... to reduce CO or CO2 and produce acetate, but what distinguishes ''A.woodii'' and other ''Acetobacterium'' from other acetogens is that it c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetobacter
''Acetobacter'' is a genus of acetic acid bacteria. Acetic acid bacteria are characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. Of these, the genus ''Acetobacter'' is distinguished by the ability to oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water. Bacteria of the genus ''Acetobacter'' have been isolated from industrial vinegar fermentation processes and are frequently used as fermentation starter cultures. History of research The acetic fermentation was demonstrated by Louis Pasteur, who discovered the first acetobacter - ''Acetobacter aceti'' - in 1864. In 1998, two strains of ''Acetobacter'' isolated from red wine and cider vinegar were named '' Acetobacter oboediens'' and ''Acetobacter pomorum''. In 2000, ''Acetobacter oboediens'' and '' Acetobacter intermedius'' were transferred to ''Gluconacetobacter'' on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing. In 2002, '' Acetobacter cerevisiae'' and '' Acetobacter malorum'' were identified b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetobacterium Paludosum
''Acetobacterium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the Eubacteriaceae family. The type species of this genus is ''Acetobacterium woodii''. The name, ''Acetobacterium'', has originated because they are acetogens, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Most of the species reported in this genus are homoacetogens, i.e. solely producing acetic acid as their metabolic byproduct. They should not be confused with acetic acid bacteria which are aerobic, Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. Other acetogens use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carb ... to reduce CO or CO2 and produce acetate, but what distinguishes ''A.woodii'' and other ''Acetobacterium'' from other acetogens is that it c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphaproteobacteria
Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the Alphaproteobacteria. The Alphaproteobacteria are highly diverse and possess few commonalities, but nevertheless share a common ancestor. Like all ''Proteobacteria'', its members are gram-negative and some of its intracellular parasitic members lack peptidoglycan and are consequently gram variable. Characteristics The Alphaproteobacteria are a diverse taxon and comprises several phototrophic genera, several genera metabolising C1-compounds (''e.g.'', ''Methylobacterium'' spp.), symbionts of plants (''e.g.'', ''Rhizobium'' spp.), endosymbionts of arthropods (''Wolbachia'') and intracellular pathogens (''e.g. Rickettsia''). Moreover, the class is sister to the protomitochondrion, the bacterium that was engulfed by the eukaryotic ancestor and gave rise to the mitochondria, which are organelles in eukaryotic ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetic Acid Bacteria
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during fermentation. The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genera in the family Acetobacteraceae. Several species of acetic acid bacteria are used in industry for production of certain foods and chemicals. Description All acetic acid bacteria are rod-shaped and obligate aerobes. Acetic acid bacteria are airborne and are ubiquitous in nature. They are actively present in environments where ethanol is being formed as a product of the fermentation of sugars. They can be isolated from the nectar of flowers and from damaged fruit. Other good sources are fresh apple cider and unpasteurized beer that has not been filter sterilized. In these liquids, they grow as a surface film due to their aerobic nature and active motility. Fruit flies or vinegar eels are considered common vectors in the propagation of acetic acid bacteria. The growth of ''Acetobacter'' in wine c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetogen
An acetogen is a microorganism that generates acetate (CH3COO−) as an end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. However, this term is usually employed in a narrower sense only to those bacteria and archaea that perform anaerobic respiration and carbon fixation simultaneously through the reductive acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway (also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway). These genuine acetogens are also known as "homoacetogens" and they can produce acetyl-CoA (and from that, in most cases, acetate as the end product) from two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and four molecules of molecular hydrogen (H2). This process is known as acetogenesis, and is different from acetate fermentation, although both occur in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2) and produce acetate. Although previously thought that only bacteria are acetogens, some archaea can be considered to be acetogens. Acetogens are found in a variety of habitats, generally those that are anaerobic (lack o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen(s). Article 67.1 A similar concept is used for suprageneric groups and called a type genus. In botanical nomenclature, these terms have no formal standing under the code of nomenclature, but are sometimes borrowed from zoological nomenclature. In botany, the type of a genus name is a specimen (or, rarely, an illustration) which is also the type of a species name. The species name that has that type can also be referred to as the type of the genus name. Names of genus and family ranks, the various subdivisions of those ranks, and some higher-rank names based on genus names, have such types. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-positive Bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain (sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetobacterium Woodii
''Acetobacterium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the Eubacteriaceae family. The type species of this genus is ''Acetobacterium woodii''. The name, ''Acetobacterium'', has originated because they are acetogens, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Most of the species reported in this genus are homoacetogens, i.e. solely producing acetic acid as their metabolic byproduct. They should not be confused with acetic acid bacteria which are aerobic, Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. Other acetogens use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carb ... to reduce CO or CO2 and produce acetate, but what distinguishes ''A.woodii'' and other ''Acetobacterium'' from other acetogens is that it c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetobacterium Wieringae
''Acetobacterium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the Eubacteriaceae family. The type species of this genus is ''Acetobacterium woodii''. The name, ''Acetobacterium'', has originated because they are acetogens, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Most of the species reported in this genus are homoacetogens, i.e. solely producing acetic acid as their metabolic byproduct. They should not be confused with acetic acid bacteria which are aerobic, Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. Other acetogens use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carb ... to reduce CO or CO2 and produce acetate, but what distinguishes ''A.woodii'' and other ''Acetobacterium'' from other acetogens is that it c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetobacterium Tundrae
''Acetobacterium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the Eubacteriaceae family. The type species of this genus is ''Acetobacterium woodii''. The name, ''Acetobacterium'', has originated because they are acetogens, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Most of the species reported in this genus are homoacetogens, i.e. solely producing acetic acid as their metabolic byproduct. They should not be confused with acetic acid bacteria which are aerobic, Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. Other acetogens use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carb ... to reduce CO or CO2 and produce acetate, but what distinguishes ''A.woodii'' and other ''Acetobacterium'' from other acetogens is that it c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetobacterium Malicum
''Acetobacterium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the Eubacteriaceae family. The type species of this genus is ''Acetobacterium woodii''. The name, ''Acetobacterium'', has originated because they are acetogens, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Most of the species reported in this genus are homoacetogens, i.e. solely producing acetic acid as their metabolic byproduct. They should not be confused with acetic acid bacteria which are aerobic, Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. Other acetogens use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carb ... to reduce CO or CO2 and produce acetate, but what distinguishes ''A.woodii'' and other ''Acetobacterium'' from other acetogens is that it c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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