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Absorption (electromagnetic Radiation)absorption
Absorption may refer to: Chemistry and biology *Absorption (biology), digestion **Absorption (small intestine) *Absorption (chemistry), diffusion of particles of gas or liquid into liquid or solid materials *Absorption (skin), a route by which substances enter the body through the skin *Absorption (pharmacology), absorption of drugs into the body Physics and chemical engineering *Absorption (acoustics), absorption of sound waves by a material *Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), absorption of light or other electromagnetic radiation by a material *Absorption air conditioning, a type of solar air conditioning *Absorption refrigerator, a refrigerator that runs on surplus heat rather than electricity *Dielectric absorption, the inability of a charged capacitor to completely discharge when briefly discharged Mathematics and economics *Absorption (economics), the total demand of an economy for goods and services both from within and without *Absorption (logic), one of the rules o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absorption (biology)
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. Mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth through mastication and in the small intestine through segmentation contractions. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absorption (economics)
In economics, absorption is the total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves. As the absorption is equal to the sum of all domestically-produced goods consumed locally and all imports, it is equal to national income = C + I + G + (X - M)minus the balance of trade The balance of trade, commercial balance, or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over a certain time period. Sometimes a distinction is made between a balance ... - M The term was coined, and its relation to the balance of trade identified, by Sidney Alexander in 1952. The term "absorption" is often used in real estate to assess demand for leasing space. Footnotes Macroeconomic aggregates {{trade-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. Mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth through mastication and in the small intestine through segmentation contractions. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Dioxide Scrubber
A carbon dioxide scrubber is a piece of equipment that absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2). It is used to treat exhaust gases from industrial plants or from exhaled air in life support systems such as rebreathers or in spacecraft, submersible craft or airtight chambers. Carbon dioxide scrubbers are also used in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. They have also been researched for carbon capture and storage as a means of combating climate change. Technologies Amine scrubbing The primary application for CO2 scrubbing is for removal of CO2 from the exhaust of coal- and gas-fired power plants. Virtually the only technology being seriously evaluated involves the use of various amines, e.g. monoethanolamine. Cold solutions of these organic compounds bind CO2, but the binding is reversed at higher temperatures: :CO2 + 2 ↔ + , this technology has only been lightly implemented because of capital costs of installing the facility and the operating costs of utilizing it. Minerals and ze ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adsorption
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the ''adsorbate'' on the surface of the ''adsorbent''. This process differs from absorption, in which a fluid (the ''absorbate'') is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid (the ''absorbent''). Adsorption is a '' surface phenomenon'', while absorption involves the whole volume of the material, although adsorption does often precede absorption. The term ''sorption'' encompasses both processes, while ''desorption'' is the reverse of it. Like surface tension, adsorption is a consequence of surface energy. In a bulk material, all the bonding requirements (be they ionic, covalent or metallic) of the constituent atoms of the material are fulfilled by other atoms in the material. However, atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbates. The exact nature of the bon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absorption Law
In algebra, the absorption law or absorption identity is an identity linking a pair of binary operations. Two binary operations, ¤ and ⁂, are said to be connected by the absorption law if: :''a'' ¤ (''a'' ⁂ ''b'') = ''a'' ⁂ (''a'' ¤ ''b'') = ''a''. A set equipped with two commutative and associative binary operations \scriptstyle \lor ("join") and \scriptstyle \land ("meet") that are connected by the absorption law is called a lattice; in this case, both operations are necessarily idempotent. Examples of lattices include Heyting algebras and Boolean algebras,See Boolean algebra (structure)#Axiomatics for a proof of the absorption laws from the distributivity, identity, and boundary laws. in particular sets of sets with ''union'' and ''intersection'' operators, and ordered sets with ''min'' and ''max'' operations. In classical logic, and in particular Boolean algebra, the operations OR and AND, which are also denoted by \scriptstyle \lor and \scriptstyle \land, sat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absorbing Element
In mathematics, an absorbing element (or annihilating element) is a special type of element of a set with respect to a binary operation on that set. The result of combining an absorbing element with any element of the set is the absorbing element itself. In semigroup theory, the absorbing element is called a zero elementM. Kilp, U. Knauer, A.V. Mikhalev pp. 14–15 because there is no risk of confusion with other notions of zero, with the notable exception: under additive notation ''zero'' may, quite naturally, denote the neutral element of a monoid. In this article "zero element" and "absorbing element" are synonymous. Definition Formally, let be a set ''S'' with a closed binary operation • on it (known as a magma). A zero element is an element ''z'' such that for all ''s'' in ''S'', . This notion can be refined to the notions of left zero, where one requires only that , and right zero, where . Absorbing elements are particularly interesting for semigroups, especially the mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absorption Costing
Total absorption costing (TAC) is a method of Accounting cost which entails the full cost of manufacturing or providing a service. TAC includes not just the costs of materials and labour, but also of all manufacturing overheads (whether ‘fixed’ or ‘variable’). The cost of each cost center can be direct or indirect. The direct cost can be easily identified with individual cost centers. Whereas indirect cost cannot be easily identified with the cost center. The distribution of overhead among the departments is called apportionment. Primary apportionment or distribution of overheads The selection of the base on which overheads are or should be apportioned depends on the following principles: * Service or use basis: If the benefit obtained by various departments from the overheads can be measured, overheads can be apportioned on that basis. * Survey basis: If amount of overhead can't be measured survey basis can be applied. For example, if it can be noted that a supervisor is g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absorption (logic)
Absorption is a Validity (logic), valid argument form and rule of inference of propositional logic. The rule states that if P implies Q, then P implies P and Q. The rule makes it possible to introduce Logical conjunction, conjunctions to formal proof, proofs. It is called the law of absorption because the term Q is "absorbed" by the term P in the consequent.Russell and Whitehead, ''Principia Mathematica'' The rule can be stated: :\frac where the rule is that wherever an instance of "P \to Q" appears on a line of a proof, "P \to (P \land Q)" can be placed on a subsequent line. Formal notation The ''absorption'' rule may be expressed as a sequent: : P \to Q \vdash P \to (P \land Q) where \vdash is a metalogical symbol meaning that P \to (P \land Q) is a logical consequence#Syntactic_consequence, syntactic consequence of (P \rightarrow Q) in some formal system, logical system; and expressed as a truth-functional tautology (logic), tautology or theorem of propositional calculus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dielectric Absorption
Dielectric absorption is the name given to the effect by which a capacitor, that has been charged for a long time, discharges only incompletely when briefly discharged. Although an ideal capacitor would remain at zero volts after being discharged, real capacitors will develop a small voltage from time-delayed dipole discharging, a phenomenon that is also called dielectric relaxation, "soakage", or "battery action". For some dielectrics, such as many polymer films, the resulting voltage may be less than 1–2% of the original voltage, but it can be as much as 15% for electrolytic capacitors. The voltage at the terminals generated by the dielectric absorption may possibly cause problems in the function of an electronic circuit or can be a safety risk to personnel. In order to prevent shocks, most very large capacitors are shipped with shorting wires that need to be removed before they are used and/or permanently connected bleeder resistors. When disconnected at one or both ends, DC high ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absorption (small Intestine)
The small intestine or small bowel is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract where most of the absorption of nutrients from food takes place. It lies between the stomach and large intestine, and receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct to aid in digestion. The small intestine is about long and folds many times to fit in the abdomen. Although it is longer than the large intestine, it is called the small intestine because it is narrower in diameter. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, the shortest, is where preparation for absorption through small finger-like protrusions called villi begins. The jejunum is specialized for the absorption through its lining by enterocytes: small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jej ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absorption Refrigerator
An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. The system uses two coolants, the first of which performs evaporative cooling and is then absorbed into the second coolant; heat is needed to reset the two coolants to their initial states. The principle can also be used to air-condition buildings using the waste heat from a gas turbine or water heater. Using waste heat from a gas turbine makes the turbine very efficient because it first produces electricity, then hot water, and finally, air-conditioning—trigeneration. Absorption refrigerators are commonly used in recreational vehicles (RVs), campers, and caravans because the heat required to power them can be provided by a propane fuel burner, by a low-voltage DC electric heater (from a battery or vehicle electrical system) or by a mains-powered elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
