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3,5-DMA
3,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (3,5-DMA), also known as DMA-6, is a drug of the amphetamine family and a positional isomer of dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA). It is the parent structure of the 3C (4-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) family of compounds (also known as 3C- scalines). In an early study, it showed similar affinity for serotonin receptors as mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) but had more than an order of magnitude lower affinity than DOx (4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) drugs like DOM, DOET, and DOB. However, in a later study, it showed no or very low affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors (Ki = >10,000nM), whereas DOB showed high affinity for these receptors (Ki = 32nM and 64nM, respectively). 3,5-DMA's effects on monoamine reuptake and efflux have also been studied. It appeared to be weak or inactive as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and norepinephrine releasing agent. Likewise, it was a very weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( = 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3C (psychedelics)
3C (3C-''x''), also known as 4-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyamphetamines, substituted 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (3,4,5-TMA or TMA-1) analogues, or 3C-scalines, is a general name for the family of psychedelic amphetamines containing methoxy groups at the 3 and 5 positions of the benzene ring. These compounds are analogues of 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (3,4,5-TMA or TMA-1). The 3C drugs are not the amphetamine counterparts of the 2C drugs, which are 4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines. Instead, the DOx drugs, which are 4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamines, are the amphetamine counterparts of the 2C drugs. The 3C drugs are the amphetamine counterparts of substituted mescaline analogues (4-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines). Moreover, in terms of naming with the "3C" prefix, the 3C drugs are generally actually derivatives of TMA-1 with the 4-position methoxy group extended rather than having any 4-position substituent. In this regard, they would be the 3,5-dime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimethoxyamphetamine
Dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) is a series of six lesser-known psychedelic drugs similar in structure to the three isomers of methoxyamphetamine and six isomers of trimethoxyamphetamine. The isomers are 2,3-DMA, 2,4-DMA, 2,5-DMA, 2,6-DMA, 3,4-DMA, and 3,5-DMA. Three of the isomers were characterized by Alexander Shulgin in his book ''PiHKAL''. Little is known about their dangers or toxicity. Pharmacology 3,4-DMA, 2,4-DMA, 2,5-DMA, and their ''N''-methyl analogues all fail to produce stimulus generalization to dextroamphetamine in rodent drug discrimination tests, suggesting that they lack psychostimulant- or amphetamine-like effects, at least in rodents. This is in contrast to 2-methoxyamphetamine (OMA), 3-methoxyamphetamine (MMA), and 4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), which all produce substitution for dextroampehtamine, albeit with far lower potency than amphetamine, methamphetamine, and other stimulants. Positional isomers 2,4-DMA * ''Dosage'': 60 mg or greater * ''Du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via insufflation (medicine), inhalation, drug injection, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption (skin), absorption via a dermal patch, patch on the skin, suppository, or sublingual administration, dissolution under the tongue. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to pharmacotherapy, treat, cure, preventive healthcare, prevent, or medical diagnosis, diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoamine Releasing Agent
A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of one or more monoamine neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitters and hence enhanced signaling by those neurotransmitters. The monoamine neurotransmitters include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; MRAs can induce the release of one or more of these neurotransmitters. MRAs work by reversing the direction of the monoamine transporters (MATs), including the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and/or dopamine transporter (DAT), causing them to promote efflux of non-vesicular cytoplasmic monoamine neurotransmitter rather than reuptake of synaptic monoamine neurotransmitter. Many, but not all MRAs, also reverse the direction of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), thereby additionally resulting in efflux of vesicular monoamine neuro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the semi-exclave of Alaska in the northwest and the archipelago of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The United States asserts sovereignty over five Territories of the United States, major island territories and United States Minor Outlying Islands, various uninhabited islands in Oceania and the Caribbean. It is a megadiverse country, with the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest land area and List of countries and dependencies by population, third-largest population, exceeding 340 million. Its three Metropolitan statistical areas by population, largest metropolitan areas are New York metropolitan area, New York, Greater Los Angeles, Los Angel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Controlled Substance
A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture, possession and use is regulated by a government, such as illicitly used drugs or prescription medications that are designated by law. Some treaties, notably the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, provide internationally agreed-upon "schedules" of controlled substances, which have been incorporated into national laws; however, national laws usually significantly expand on these international conventions. Some precursor chemicals used for the production of illegal drugs are also controlled substances in many countries, even though they may lack the pharmacological effects of the drugs themselves. Substances are classified according to schedules and consist primarily of potentially psychoactive substances and anabolic steroids. The controlled substanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Controlled Substances Act
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the statute establishing federal government of the United States, federal drug policy of the United States, U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances is regulated. It was passed by the 91st United States Congress as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and signed into law by President Richard Nixon. The Act also served as the national implementing legislation for the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The legislation created five schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each. Two federal agencies, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), determine which substances are added to or removed from the various schedules, although the statute passed by Congress created the initial listing. Congress has sometimes scheduled other substances t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA), also known as DMA-4 or as DOH, is a drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine families. It is one of the dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) series of positional isomers. The drug is notable in being the parent compound of the DOx (4-substituted-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) series of drugs. Use and effects 2,5-DMA is said to be inactive as a psychedelic, at least at the doses that have been assessed. However, it has been reported to produce some stimulant-like effects, as well as sympathomimetic effects and mydriasis. The dose range is said to be 80 to 160mg orally and its duration is 6 to 8hours. Pharmacology 2,5-DMA is a low-potency serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist, with an affinity (Ki) of 2,502nM, an of 160 to 3,548nM (depending on the signaling cascade and study), and an of 66 to 109%. It has also been assessed at several other receptors. In a much earlier study, its affinities (Ki) were 1,020nM at the serotonin 5-HT1 receptor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adulterant
An adulterant is a substance secretly added to another that may compromise the safety or effectiveness. Typical substances that are adulterated include food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or fuels. Definition Adulteration is the practice of secretly mixing a substance with another. The secretly added substance will not normally be present in any specification or declared substances due to accident or negligence rather than intent, and also for the introduction of unwanted substances after the product has been made. Adulteration, therefore, implies that the adulterant was introduced deliberately in the initial manufacturing process, or sometimes that it was present in the raw materials and should have been removed, but was not. An adulterant is distinct from, for example, permitted food preservatives. There can be a fine line between adulterant and Food additive, additive; chicory may be added to coffee to reduce the cost or achieve a desired flavor—this is adulteration if not de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, functions, sources, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems, and pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug. In broad terms, pharmacod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hallucinogen
Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelics, entheogens, or historically as psychotomimetics, are a large and diverse class of psychoactive drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception as well as other changes. Hallucinogens are often categorized as either being psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants, but not all hallucinogens fall into these three classes. Examples of hallucinogens include psychedelics or serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists like LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT; dissociatives or NMDA receptor antagonists like ketamine, PCP, DXM, and nitrous oxide; deliriants or antimuscarinics like scopolamine and diphenhydramine; cannabinoids or cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists like THC, nabilone, and JWH-018; κ-opioid receptor agonists like salvinorin A and pentazocine; GABAA receptor agonists like muscimol and gaboxadol; and oneirogens like ibogaine and harmaline, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug Discrimination
Drug discrimination (DD) is a technique in behavioral neuroscience used to evaluate the discriminative stimulus properties or interoceptive cues of psychoactive drugs. In drug discrimination, a subject is trained on a training drug, and then it is tested with novel drugs to see if the novel drugs are experienced as similar to the training drug. In essence, the drug discrimination paradigm has the subject "tell" the experimenter "I think you gave me the training drug" or "I don't think you gave me anything". The discriminative stimulus properties of drugs are believed to reflect their subjective effects. When partial or full stimulus generalization of a test drug to a training drug occurs, the test drug can be assumed to have effects that are subjectively similar to those of the training drug. Drug discrimination tests are usually performed in animals, but have also been conducted in humans. Drug discrimination assays have been employed to assess whether drugs have stimulant- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
