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2022 Russian Oil Price Cap
As part of the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War, on September 2, 2022, finance ministers of the G7 group of nations agreed to cap the price of Russian oil and petroleum products in order to reduce Russia's ability to finance its war on Ukraine without further increasing the 2021–2022 inflation surge. In 2022 the Russian Federation was cushioned against oil and gas-based sanction effects because of the world rise in oil and gas prices. The reason for the price cap sanction is to remove the cushion so that the revenue earned by Russia is restricted and will not rise if world oil and gas prices rise in the future. In addition, it will make the hiring of oil tankers much harder for Russia, which will further restrict the amount of oil that Russia can sell and ship to customers, further reducing revenue. The 2022 Russian crude oil cap would be enforced by a maritime attestation that Russian crude was purchased below a certain set pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Federation
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones and shares Borders of Russia, land boundaries with fourteen countries, more than List of countries and territories by land borders, any other country but China. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, world's ninth-most populous country and List of European countries by population, Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. The country's capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city is Moscow, the List of European cities by population within city limits, largest city entirely within E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian National Reinsurance Company
Russian National Reinsurance Company (RNRC) is the largest Russian reinsurance company. Central Bank of Russia is a full shareholder of RNRC. The state-owned reinsurance company was set up in 2016. RNRC is No 1 in terms of the authorized share capital (RUB 71 billion) and No 2 in terms of paid-in capital (RUB 21.3 billion) on the domestic insurance market. Fitch Ratings downgraded the rating of RNPK to CC on 14 March 2022, in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. History and ownership The Central Bank of Russia owns RNRC. The state-owned reinsurance company was set up as provided for by Federal Law No. 363-FZ On Amendment of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Insurance Business in the Russian Federation" dated July 3, 2016 and Art.13.1-13.3 of Federal Law No. 4015-1 "On Insurance Business in the Russian Federation". The Company was set up by the Resolution of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 2016 as Reinsurance Company NRC JSC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Sanctions
International sanctions are political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries, multilateral or regional organizations against states or organizations either to protect national security interests, or to protect international law, and defend against threats to international peace and security. These decisions principally include the temporary imposition on a target of economic, trade, diplomatic, cultural or other restrictions (sanctions measures) that are lifted when the motivating security concerns no longer apply, or when no new threats have arisen. According to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, only the UN Security Council has a mandate by the international community to apply sanctions (Article 41) that must be complied with by all UN member states (Article 2,2). They serve as the international community's most powerful peaceful means to prevent threats to international peace and security or to settle them. Sanctions do not include the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreign Relations Of Russia
The foreign relations of the Russian Federation is the policy arm of the Russian government, government of Russia which guides its interactions with other nations, their citizens, and foreign organizations. This article covers the foreign policy of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991. As of present, Russia has critical diplomatic relations with Ukraine due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Kremlin's foreign policy debates show a conflict between three rival schools: Atlanticism, Atlanticists, seeking a closer relationship with the United States and the Western World in general; Imperialism, Imperialists, seeking a recovery of the semi-hegemonic status lost during the previous decade; and Slavophilia, Neo-Slavophiles, promoting the isolation of Russia within its own cultural sphere. While Atlanticism was the dominant ideology during the first years of the new Russian Federation, under Andrei Kozyrev, it came under attack for i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2020s In International Relations
S, or s, is the nineteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ess'' (pronounced ), plural ''esses''. History Origin Northwest Semitic šîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative (as in 'ip'). It originated most likely as a pictogram of a tooth () and represented the phoneme via the acrophonic principle. Ancient Greek did not have a phoneme, so the derived Greek letter sigma () came to represent the voiceless alveolar sibilant . While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician ''šîn'', its name ''sigma'' is taken from the letter ''samekh'', while the shape and position of ''samekh'' but name of ''šîn'' is continued in the '' xi''. Within Greek, the name of ''sigma'' was influenced by its association with the Greek word (earlier ) "to hiss". The original name of the letter "sigma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanctions And Boycotts During The Russo-Ukrainian War
A sanction may be either a permission or a restriction, depending upon context, as the word is an auto-antonym. Examples of sanctions include: Government and law * Sanctions (law), penalties imposed by courts * Economic sanctions, typically a ban on trade, possibly limited to certain sectors (such as armaments), or with certain exceptions (such as food and medicine), e.g., ** Sanctions against Iran ** Sanctions against North Korea ** Sanctions against Russia * International sanctions, coercive measures adopted by a country or a group of countries against another state or individual(s) in order to elicit a change in their behavior ** International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War * Pragmatic sanction, historically, a sovereign's solemn decree which addresses a matter of primary importance and which has the force of fundamental law Arts, entertainment, and media *''The Eiger Sanction'', a 1972 thriller novel by Trevanian, the pen name of Rodney William Whitaker ** ''The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Novak
Alexander Valentinovich Novak (russian: Александр Валентинович Новак; born 23 August 1971) is a Russian politician who is the current Deputy Prime Minister of Russia since November 2020. Previously, he was the Minister of Energy of Russia between 2012 and 2020, before being replaced in November 2020 by the general director of RusHydro, Nikolay Shulginov. Career In 1993, he graduated from Norilsk Industrial Institute as a specialist on Economy and Management in Metallurgy. Between 1993 and 1997, he was Head of the Financial Bureau of the Accounting Department of the Norilsk Mining and Smelting Complex. In 1997 to 1999, he headed the tax planning department of the complex. Entry into local and regional politics (2000-2008) From 2000 to 2002, he was Norilsk Deputy Mayor for economics and finance, Norilsk's first Deputy Mayor. Between 2002 and 2007, he was head of the Main Finance Management of the Krasnoyarsk Krai Administration, Deputy Governor of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a Megadiverse countries, megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with Deserts of Australia, deserts in the centre, tropical Forests of Australia, rainforests in the north-east, and List of mountains in Australia, mountain ranges in the south-east. The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south east Asia approximately Early human migrations#Nearby Oceania, 65,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Period, last i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Office Of Foreign Assets Control
The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is a financial intelligence and enforcement agency of the U.S. Treasury Department. It administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions in support of U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives. Under Presidential national emergency powers, OFAC carries out its activities against foreign states as well as a variety of other organizations and individuals, like terrorist groups, deemed to be a threat to U.S. national security. As a component of the U.S. Treasury Department, OFAC operates under the Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence and is primarily composed of intelligence targeters and lawyers. While many of OFAC's targets are broadly set by the White House, most individual cases are developed as a result of investigations by OFAC's Office of Global Targeting (OGT).Yukhananov, Anna, and Warren Strobel"After Success on Iran, U.S. Treasury's Sanctions Team Faces New Challenges" Reuters, April 14, 2014. Sometime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is a cartel of countries. Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), it has, since 1965, been headquartered in Vienna, Austria, although Austria is not an OPEC member state. , the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 % of the world's proven oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called " Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies. The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy, ; russian: Владимир Александрович Зеленский, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Zelenskyy, (born 25 January 1978; also transliterated as Zelensky or Zelenskiy) is a Ukrainian politician and former comedian and actor who has served as the sixth and current president of Ukraine since 2019. Born to a Ukrainian Jewish family, Zelenskyy grew up as a native Russian speaker in Kryvyi Rih, a major city of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in central Ukraine. Prior to his acting career, he obtained a degree in law from the Kyiv National Economic University. He then pursued a career in comedy and created the production company Kvartal 95, which produced films, cartoons, and TV shows including the TV series ''Servant of the People'', in which Zelenskyy played the role of the Ukrainian president. The series aired from 2015 to 2019 and was immensely popular. A political party bearing the same name as the television show was created in March 201 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lloyd's Of London
Lloyd's of London, generally known simply as Lloyd's, is an insurance and reinsurance market located in London, England. Unlike most of its competitors in the industry, it is not an insurance company; rather, Lloyd's is a corporate body governed by the Lloyd's Act 1871 and subsequent Acts of Parliament. It operates as a partially-mutualised marketplace within which multiple financial backers, grouped in syndicates, come together to pool and spread risk. These underwriters, or "members", are a collection of both corporations and private individuals, the latter being traditionally known as "Names". The business underwritten at Lloyd's is predominantly general insurance and reinsurance, although a small number of syndicates write term life insurance. The market has its roots in marine insurance and was founded by Edward Lloyd at his coffee house on Tower Street in 1688. Today, it has a dedicated building on Lime Street which is Grade I listed. Traditionally business is tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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