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2009 In Paleontology
Arthropods Cephalopods Three new species of extinct octopus, Octopoda discovered in 2009. The species – ''Keuppia hyperbolaris'', ''Keuppia levante'', and ''Styletoctopus annae'' – lived about 95 million years ago, and bear a strong resemblance to modern octopuses, suggesting that the Octopoda order has remained relatively unchanged for tens of millions of years. The fossils included evidence of cephalopod arm, arms, muscles, rows of suckers, cephalopod ink, ink, and internal gills. The discovery was made by a team led by Dirk Fuchs of the Freie University, which is located at Berlin, Germany.Rare fossil octopuses found NBC News, March 18, 2009 The fossils were found at Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2009 Palaeo NT
9 (nine) is the natural number following and preceding . Evolution of the Arabic digit In the Brahmi numerals, beginning, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and Gupta started curving the bottom vertical line coming up with a -look-alike. The Nagari continued the bottom stroke to make a circle and enclose the 3-look-alike, in much the same way that the sign @ encircles a lowercase ''a''. As time went on, the enclosing circle became bigger and its line continued beyond the circle downwards, as the 3-look-alike became smaller. Soon, all that was left of the 3-look-alike was a squiggle. The Arabs simply connected that squiggle to the downward stroke at the middle and subsequent European change was purely cosmetic. While the shape of the glyph for the digit 9 has an Ascender (typography), ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a desc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hybodontoidea
Hybodontiformes, commonly called hybodonts, are an extinct group of shark-like chondrichthyans, which existed from the late Devonian to the Late Cretaceous. They form the group of Elasmobranchii closest to neoselachians, the clade of modern sharks and rays. Hybodonts were named and are distinguished based on their conical tooth shape. They are also noted for the presence of a spine on each of their two dorsal fins. They were abundant in marine and freshwater environments during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, but were rare in open marine environments by the end of the Jurassic, having been largely replaced by modern sharks, though they were still common in freshwater and marginal marine habitats. They survived until the end of the Cretaceous, before going extinct. Etymology The term hybodont comes from the Greek word ''ὕβος'' or ''ὑβός'' meaning hump or hump-backed and ''ὀδούς, ὀδοντ'' meaning tooth. This name was given based on their conical compres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Percoidei
Percoidei is one of 3 suborders of bony fishes in the order Perciformes. Many commercially harvested fish species are considered to be contained in this suborder, including the snappers, groupers, basses, goatfishes and perches. Divisions The Percoidei are further divided into three superfamilies which contain over 50 families and hundreds of genera. * Suborder Percoidei ** Percoidea *** Centropomidae (Snooks) *** Latidae (Lates) *** Gerreidae (Mojarras) *** Centrogenyidae (False scorpionfishes) *** Perciliidae (Southern basses) *** Howellidae (Oceanic basslets) *** Acropomatidae (Lanternbellies) *** Epigonidae (Deepwater cardinalfishes *** Polyprionidae (Wreckfishes) *** Lateolabracidae (Asian seaperches) *** Mullidae (Goatfishes) *** Glaucosomatidae (Pearl perches) *** Pempheridae (Sweepers) *** Oplegnathidae (Knifejaws) *** Kuhliidae (Flagtails) *** Leptobramidae (Beachsalmon) *** Bathyclupeidae (Bathyclupeids) *** Polynemidae (Threadfins) *** Toxotida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The name Oligocene was coined in 1854 by the German paleontologist Heinrich Ernst Beyrich from his studies of marine beds in Belgium and Germany. The name comes from the Ancient Greek (''olígos'', "few") and (''kainós'', "new"), and refers to the sparsity of extant forms of molluscs. The Oligocene is preceded by the Eocene Epoch and is followed by the Miocene Epoch. The Oligocene is the third and final epoch of the Paleogene Period. The Oligocene is often considered an important time of transition, a link between the archaic world of the tropical Eocene and the more modern ecosystems of the Miocene. Major changes during the Oligocene included a global expansion o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphanius
''Aphanius'' is a genus of pupfishes. Unlike other members of the family which are from the Americas, ''Aphanius'' species are native to northern Africa, southwestern Asia (as far east as India) and southern Europe. Several species in the genus have very small distributions and are seriously threatened. Fossil record Fossils of ''Aphanius'' are found in strata of the Pleistocene of Italy (age range: from 11.608 to 5.332 million years ago.). Species The 39 recognized species in this genus are: * ''Aphanius almiriensis'' Kottelat, Barbieri & Stoumboudi, 2007 * ''Aphanius anatoliae'' Leidenfrost, 1912 (Lake Tuz toothcarp) * ''Aphanius apodus'' Gervais, 1853 * ''Aphanius arakensis'' Teimori, Esmaeili, Gholami, Zarei & Reichenbacher ( de), 2012 Teimori, A., Esmaeili, H.R., Gholami, Z., Zarei, N. & Reichenbacher, B. (2012)''Aphanius arakensis,'' a new species of tooth-carp (Actinopterygii, Cyprinodontidae) from the endorheic Namak Lake basin in Iran. ''ZooKeys, 215: 55-76.'' * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pupfish
Pupfish are a group of small killifish belonging to ten genera of the family Cyprinodontidae of ray-finned fish. Pupfish are especially noted for being found in extreme and isolated situations. They are primarily found in North America, South America, and the Caribbean region, but ''Aphanius'' species are from southwestern Asia, northern Africa, and southern Europe. As of August 2006, 120 nominal species and 9 subspecies were known. Several pupfish species are extinct and most extant species are listed. In the U.S., the most well-known pupfish species may be the Devil's Hole Desert Pupfish, native to Devil's Hole on the Nevada side of Death Valley National Park. Since 1995 the Devil's Hole Pupfish has been in a nearly steady decline, where it was close to extinction at 35–68 fish in 2013. The common name is said to derive from the mating habits of the males, whose activities vaguely resemble puppies at play. Carl L. Hubbs, a prominent ichthyologist and one of the first peopl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphanius Yerevanicus
''Aphanius'' is a genus of pupfishes. Unlike other members of the family which are from the Americas, ''Aphanius'' species are native to northern Africa, southwestern Asia (as far east as India) and southern Europe. Several species in the genus have very small distributions and are seriously threatened. Fossil record Fossils of ''Aphanius'' are found in strata of the Pleistocene of Italy (age range: from 11.608 to 5.332 million years ago.). Species The 39 recognized species in this genus are: * ''Aphanius almiriensis'' Kottelat, Barbieri & Stoumboudi, 2007 * ''Aphanius anatoliae'' Leidenfrost, 1912 (Lake Tuz toothcarp) * ''Aphanius apodus'' Gervais, 1853 * ''Aphanius arakensis'' Teimori, Esmaeili, Gholami, Zarei & Reichenbacher ( de), 2012 Teimori, A., Esmaeili, H.R., Gholami, Z., Zarei, N. & Reichenbacher, B. (2012)''Aphanius arakensis,'' a new species of tooth-carp (Actinopterygii, Cyprinodontidae) from the endorheic Namak Lake basin in Iran. ''ZooKeys, 215: 55-76.'' * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iniopterygidae
Iniopterygiformes ("Nape Wing Forms") is an extinct order of chimaera-like cartilaginous fish that lived from the Devonian to Carboniferous periods (345–280 million years ago). Fossils of them have been found in Montana, Indiana, Illinois, and Nebraska. The Iniopterygians are characterized by large pectoral fins, wing-like projections on their backs, mounted high on the body and denticulated bony plates on the head and jaws. Iniopterygian sharks were small, and their average length was about . The elongated pectoral fins had denticles along the leading edge which may have had a role in mating. They are thought to have been able to move their pectorals in a vertical plane, ”flying” through the water much like modern-day flying fish. The majority of iniopterygians are placed within the family Sibyrhinchidae. Members of this family include '' Sibyrhinchus denisoni'', '' Inioptera richardsoni'', and '' Inioxyele''. Ironically, '' Iniopteryx rushlaui'', the type species In zoo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bear Gulch Limestone
The Bear Gulch Limestone is a limestone-rich geological lens in central Montana, renowned for the quality of its late Mississippian-aged fossils. It is exposed over a number of outcrops northeast of the Big Snowy Mountains, and is often considered a component of the more widespread Heath Formation. The Bear Gulch Limestone reconstructs a diverse, though isolated, marine ecosystem which developed near the end of the Serpukhovian age. It is a lagerstätte, a particular type of rock unit with exceptional fossil preservation of both articulated skeletons and soft tissues. Bear Gulch fossils include a variety of fish, invertebrates, and algae occupying a number of different habitats within a preserved shallow bay. Fish include a high diversity of unusual Chondrichthyes, chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish) and one of the oldest known lampreys, along with other vertebrates. Invertebrates include numerous fossils of crustaceans, worms, cephalopods, and Sponge, sea sponges, which are con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
