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1764 In Science
The year 1764 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Lagrange publishes on the libration of the Moon, and an explanation as to why the same face is always turned to the Earth, a problem which he treats with the aid of virtual work, containing the germ of his idea of generalized equations of motion. Physics * Specific and latent heats are described by Joseph Black. Technology * The spinning jenny, a multi-spool spinning wheel, is invented by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire, England. Awards * Copley Medal: John Canton Births * Early – James Smithson, British mineralogist, chemist and benefactor (died 1829) * April 3 – John Abernethy, English surgeon (died 1831) * May 4 – Joseph Carpue, English surgeon (died 1846) * September 17 – John Goodricke, English astronomer (died 1786) * October – William Symington, Scottish mechanical engineer and steamboat pioneer (died 1831) * November 10 – Andrés Manuel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineralogist
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. History Early writing on mineralogy, especially on gemstones, comes from ancient Babylonia, the ancient Greco-Roman world, ancient and medieval China, and Sanskrit texts from ancient India and the ancient Islamic world. Books on the subject included the ''Naturalis Historia'' of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones) by Persian scientist Al-Biruni. The German Renaissance specialist Georgius Agricola wrote works such as '' De re metallica'' (''On Metals'', 1556) and ''De Natura Fossilium'' (''O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scottish People
The Scots ( sco, Scots Fowk; gd, Albannaich) are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or ''Alba'') in the 9th century. In the following two centuries, the Celtic-speaking Cumbrians of Strathclyde and the Germanic-speaking Angles of north Northumbria became part of Scotland. In the High Middle Ages, during the 12th-century Davidian Revolution, small numbers of Norman nobles migrated to the Lowlands. In the 13th century, the Norse-Gaels of the Western Isles became part of Scotland, followed by the Norse of the Northern Isles in the 15th century. In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from Scotland. The Latin word ''Scoti'' originally referred to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Symington
William Symington (1764–1831) was a Scottish engineer and inventor, and the builder of the first practical steamboat, the Charlotte Dundas. Early life Symington was born in Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, to a family he described as being "respectable but not wealthy." His father worked as a practical mechanic at the Leadhills mines. Although his parents intended for him to enter the ministry, he intended to use his good education to make a career as an engineer. So, in 1785, he joined his brother George in his attempts to build a steam engine at Wanlockhead, Dumfriesshire. While there, he impressed the manager of a local mining company, Gilbert Meason, so much that he was sent to the University of Edinburgh in 1786 to spend a few months attending science lectures. By the time William joined his brother, George had already succeeded in building the second engine using James Watt's design to be built in Scotland. Improvements to Watt's design Symington quickly saw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1786 In Science
The year 1786 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * January 17 – Pierre Méchain first observes Comet Encke, from Paris. * August 1 – Caroline Herschel becomes the first woman to discover a comet. Biology * Subfossil bones of the Rodrigues solitaire are discovered. Linguistics * February 2 – In a speech before The Asiatic Society in Calcutta, Sir William Jones notes the formal resemblances between Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, laying the foundation for comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies. Mathematics * Erland Samuel Bring publishes ', proposing algebraic solutions to quintic functions. * Lagrange moves from Prussia to Paris under the patronage of Louis XVI of France. * William Playfair produces the first line and bar charts. Technology * August – James Rumsey tests his first steamboat in the Potomac river at Shepherdstown, Virginia. * Ignaz von Born introduces a method of extracting metals using the patio process in his ''U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, natural satellite, moons, comets and galaxy, galaxies – in either observational astronomy, observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, Sun, solar astronomy, the Star formation, origin or stellar evolution, evolution of stars, or the galaxy formation and evolution, formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational astronomy, observational and theoretical astronomy, theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of Astronomical object, celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Goodricke
John Goodricke FRS (17 September 1764 – 20 April 1786) was an English amateur astronomer. He is best known for his observations of the variable star Algol (Beta Persei) in 1782. Life and work John Goodricke, named after his great-grandfather Sir John Goodricke 1617–1670 (see Goodricke baronets of Ribston Hall), was born in Groningen in the Netherlands, but lived most of his life in England. He became deaf in early childhood due to a severe illness. His parents sent him to Thomas Braidwood's Academy, a school for deaf pupils in Edinburgh, and in 1778 to the Warrington Academy. After leaving Warrington, Goodricke returned to live with his parents in York. There, he became friends with his neighbour Edward Pigott, whose father Nathaniel Pigott had built a sophisticated private observatory. Edward was already interested in variable stars, and he gave Goodricke a list of those that he thought were worthy of observation. Goodricke is credited with discovering the periodic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1846 In Science
The year 1846 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * February 20 – Francesco de Vico discovers comet 122P/de Vico. * June 1 – Urbain Le Verrier predicts the existence and location of Neptune from irregularities in the orbit of Uranus. * August 8 – Neptune observed but not recognised by James Challis. * August 31 – Urbain Le Verrier publishes full details of the predicted orbit and the mass of the new planet. * September 23 – Johann Galle discovers Neptune. * October 10 – William Lassell discovers Triton, Neptune's largest moon. Biology * Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, established in Australia. Chemistry * Abraham Pineo Gesner develops a process to refine a liquid fuel, which he calls kerosene, from coal, bitumen or oil shale. Mathematics * Augustin-Louis Cauchy publishes Green's theorem. * James Clerk Maxwell's first scientific paper describes a mechanical means of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Constantine Carpue
Joseph Constantine Carpue (4 May 1764 – 30 January 1846) was an English surgeon who was born in London. He was associated with St George's Hospital and Duke of York Hospital in Chelsea. He was a skilled surgeon and popular lecturer of anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its .... Carpue is known for performing the first rhinoplastic surgery in England, using a technique created in India several centuries earlier. The Indian rhinoplastic reconstruction involved using a flap of skin taken from the forehead, and was to become known in Europe as "Carpue's operation". In 1816 Carpue described the procedure in his publication of ''Account of Two Successful Operations for Restoring a Lost Nose from the Integument of the Forehead''. Carpue was also a pioneer in exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1831 In Science
The year 1831 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * January 7 – Great Comet of 1831 (C/1831 A1, 1830 II) first observed by John Herapath. * March 7 – Royal Astronomical Society receives its Royal Charter. * Heinrich Schwabe makes the first detailed drawing of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. * Mary Somerville translates Laplace's ''Mécanique céleste'' as ''The Mechanism of the Heavens''. Biology * September 1 – Zoological Gardens, Dublin, open in Ireland. * Robert Brown found the cell nucleus. Chemistry * A. A. Bussy publishes his ''Mémoire sur le Radical métallique de la Magnésie '' describing his method of isolating magnesium. * The Kaliapparat is a laboratory device invented in 1831 by Justus von Liebig. Exploration * June 1 – British Royal Navy officer James Clark Ross locates the position of the North Magnetic Pole on the Boothia Peninsula. * December 27 – Charles Darwin starts his voyage on from Plymouth. M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surgeon
In modern medicine, a surgeon is a medical professional who performs surgery. Although there are different traditions in different times and places, a modern surgeon usually is also a licensed physician or received the same medical training as physicians before specializing in surgery. There are also surgeons in podiatry, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. It is estimated that surgeons perform over 300 million surgical procedures globally each year. History The first person to document a surgery was the 6th century BC Indian physician-surgeon, Sushruta. He specialized in cosmetic plastic surgery and even documented an open rhinoplasty procedure.Ira D. Papel, John Frodel, ''Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery'' His magnum opus ''Suśruta-saṃhitā'' is one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of both Ayurveda and surgery. The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine, but the translator G. D. Si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English People
The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language in England, English language, a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language, and share a common history and culture. The English identity is of History of Anglo-Saxon England, Anglo-Saxon origin, when they were known in Old English as the ('race or tribe of the Angles'). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. The English largely descend from two main historical population groups the West Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) who settled in southern Britain following the withdrawal of the Ancient Rome, Romans, and the Romano-British culture, partially Romanised Celtic Britons already living there.Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7, 10326 (2016). https://doi.org/10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
