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1688 In Science
The year 1688 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy * The constellation ''Sceptrum Brandenburgicum'' is named by Gottfried Kirch. Exploration * A French people, French Jesuit scientific mission led by Jean de Fontaney arrives in China. Mathematics * Simon de la Loubère introduces the Siamese method for constructing any size of ''n''-odd magic square to Western Europe. Technology * Earliest known mention of the balalaika. Births * January 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedes, Swedish scientist and theologian (died 1772 in science, 1772) * April 4 – Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French people, French astronomer (died 1768 in science, 1768) * August 14 – Johann Leonhard Rost, Germans, German astronomer (died 1727 in science, 1727) * September 26 – Willem 's Gravesande, Dutch people, Dutch polymath (died 1742 in science, 1742) * November 15 – Louis Bertrand Castel, French Jesuit mathematician and physicist (died 1757 in sci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theologian
Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the supernatural, but also deals with religious epistemology, asks and seeks to answer the question of revelation. Revelation pertains to the acceptance of God, gods, or deities, as not only transcendent or above the natural world, but also willing and able to interact with the natural world and, in particular, to reveal themselves to humankind. While theology has turned into a secular field , religious adherents still consider theology to be a discipline that helps them live and understand concepts such as life and love and that helps them lead lives of obedience to the deities they follow or worship. Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument ( experiential, philosophical, ethnographic, historical, and others) to help understan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Bertrand Castel
Louis Bertrand Castel (5 November 1688 – 11 January 1757) was a French mathematician born in Montpellier, who entered the order of the Jesuits in 1703. Having studied literature, he afterwards devoted himself entirely to mathematics and natural philosophy. After moving from Toulouse to Paris in 1720, at the behest of Bernard de Fontenelle, Castel acted as the science editor of the Jesuit ''Journal de Trévoux''. He wrote several scientific works, that which attracted most attention at the time being his ''Optique des couleurs'' (1740), or treatise on the melody of colours. He also wrote ''Traité de physique sur la pesanteur universelle des corps'' (1724), ''Mathématique universelle'' (1728), and a critical account of the system of Sir Isaac Newton in 1743. Philosophical approach Castel wrote on areas as wide-ranging as physics, mathematics, morals, aesthetics, theology and history. His philosophical approach attempted to reconcile fields and viewpoints. Castel based much of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1742 In Science
The year 1742 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * January 14 – Death of Edmond Halley; James Bradley succeeds him as Astronomer Royal in Great Britain. Mathematics * June – Christian Goldbach produces Goldbach's conjecture. * Colin Maclaurin publishes his ''Treatise on Fluxions'' in Great Britain, the first systematic exposition of Newton's methods. Metrology * Anders Celsius publishes his proposal for a centigrade temperature scale originated in 1741. Physiology and medicine * Surgeon Joseph Hurlock publishes his ''A Practical Treatise upon Dentition, or The breeding of teeth in children'' in London, the first treatise in English on dentition. Technology * Benjamin Robins publishes his ''New Principles of Gunnery, containing the determination of the force of gun-powder and an investigation of the difference in the resisting power of the air to swift and slow motions'' in London, containing a description of his ballistic pendulum and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymath
A polymath ( el, πολυμαθής, , "having learned much"; la, homo universalis, "universal human") is an individual whose knowledge spans a substantial number of subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. In Western Europe, the first work to use the term polymathy in its title () was published in 1603 by Johann von Wowern, a Hamburg philosopher. Von Wowern defined polymathy as "knowledge of various matters, drawn from all kinds of studies ... ranging freely through all the fields of the disciplines, as far as the human mind, with unwearied industry, is able to pursue them". Von Wowern lists erudition, literature, philology, philomathy, and polyhistory as synonyms. The earliest recorded use of the term in the English language is from 1624, in the second edition of ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'' by Robert Burton; the form ''polymathist'' is slightly older, first appearing in the ''Diatribae upon the first part of the late History ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch People
The Dutch (Dutch: ) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Netherlands. They share a common history and culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Aruba, Suriname, Guyana, Curaçao, Argentina, Brazil, Canada,Based on Statistics Canada, Canada 2001 Censusbr>Linkto Canadian statistics. Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and the United States.According tFactfinder.census.gov The Low Countries were situated around the border of France and the Holy Roman Empire, forming a part of their respective peripheries and the various territories of which they consisted had become virtually autonomous by the 13th century. Under the Habsburgs, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from Spain as the Dutch Republic. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Willem 's Gravesande
Willem Jacob 's Gravesande (26 September 1688 – 28 February 1742) was a Dutch mathematician and natural philosopher, chiefly remembered for developing experimental demonstrations of the laws of classical mechanics and the first experimental measurement of kinetic energy. As professor of mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy at Leiden University, he helped to propagate Isaac Newton's ideas in Continental Europe. Life Born in 's-Hertogenbosch, 's Gravesande studied law at Leiden University, where he defended a thesis on suicide and earned a doctorate in 1707. He then practised law in The Hague while also participating in intellectual discussions and cultivating his interest in the mathematical sciences. His ''Essai de perspective'' ("Essay on Perspective"), published in 1711, was praised by the influential Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1727 In Science
The year 1727 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Maharaja Jai Singh II begins construction of the Jantar Mantar observatory at Jaipur. Biology * Rev. Stephen Hales publishes ''Vegetable Staticks'', containing an account of key experiments in plant physiology; and makes the first measurement of blood pressure. Forssmann, Werner. Nobel Lecture in Physiology or Medicine, 1956. Mathematics * This year's French Academy of Sciences prize is based on a problem on the masting of ships: to calculate the number of masts to use and where in the ship to locate them. Pierre Bouguer gains the award for his paper ''On the masting of ships''; and two other prizes, one for his dissertation ''On the best method of observing the altitude of stars at sea'' and the other for his paper ''On the best method of observing the variation of the compass at sea''. The 19-year-old Euler enters for the prize with an essay written in 1726 and published in 1728. Optics * Ey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germans
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Johann Leonhard Rost
Johann Leonhard Rost (12 February 1688 – 22 March 1727) was a German astronomer and author from Nuremberg. He wrote under the alias Meletaon. The crater Rost on the Moon is named after him. His brother Johannes Carolus Rost was a famous doctor from Nuremberg, he is mostly known to be the personal doctor of Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg. Bibliography * Meletaon, "Schau-Platz der gelährten und galanten Welt", 1711. * Meletaon, "Die Unglückseelige Atalanta", 1717. * Rost, J. L., "Atlas Portatilis Coelestis", 1723. External links ''Atlas Portatilis Coelestis'', 1723- Full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library The Linda Hall Library is a privately endowed American library of science, engineering and technology located in Kansas City, Missouri, sitting "majestically on a urban arboretum." It is the "largest independently funded public library of scien .... Biography & Bibliography by Hans Gaab and Olaf Simons 1688 births 1727 deaths 18th-century German ast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1768 In Science
The year 1768 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Steller's sea cow is hunted to extinction. * Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti becomes auctor of the class of reptiles through his ' on the poisonous function of reptiles and amphibians. He also publishes ' describing the olm, one of the first accounts of a cave animal in the western world. * Caspar Friedrich Wolff begins publication of "De Formatione Intestinarum" in the ''Mémoires'' of The Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences (Saint Petersburg), a significant work in the science of embryology. * Lazzaro Spallanzani challenges the spontaneous generation of cellular life. Botany * Bougainvillea is first classified in Brazil by Philibert Commerçon, the botanist accompanying Louis Antoine de Bougainville's French Navy voyage of circumnavigation. * Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau's ''Traité des arbres fruitiers'' is published in Paris. Chemistry * March 17 – William Cookworthy is granted a patent fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
