|
1641 In Science
The year 1641 in science and technology involved some significant events. Medicine * Nicolaes Tulp's '' Observationes Medicae'' is published in Amsterdam. Technology * The sealed thermometer is developed with Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, using a glass tube containing alcohol, which freezes well below the freezing point of water. * Samuel Winslow is granted the first patent in North America by the Massachusetts General Court for a new saltmaking process. Births * March – Menno van Coehoorn, Dutch military engineer (died 1704) * July 30 – Regnier de Graaf, Dutch physician and anatomist who discovered the ovarian follicles, which were later named Graafian follicles (died 1673) * September 26 – Nehemiah Grew, English botanist and physician who made some of the early microscopical observations of plants (died 1712) Deaths * January 3 – Jeremiah Horrocks, English astronomer (born 1618) * March 8 – Xu Xiake, Chinese explorer and geographer (born 1587) * July 5 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regnier De Graaf
Regnier de Graaf (English spelling), original Dutch spelling Reinier de Graaf, or Latinized Reijnerus de Graeff (30 July 164117 August 1673) was a Dutch physician, physiologist and anatomist who made key discoveries in reproductive biology. He specialized in iatrochemistry and iatrogenesis, and was the first to develop a syringe to inject dye into human reproductive organs so that he could understand their structure and function. Biography De Graaf was born in Schoonhoven as the son of an carpenter/engineer or architect and studied medicine in Leuven (1658), Utrecht and Leiden (1663).https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1974107890001a.pdf There his co-students were Jan Swammerdam, Niels Stensen, Ole Borch and Frederik Ruysch, cooperating with professor Franciscus Sylvius, Johannes van Horne and Lucas Schacht. All of them were interested in the organs of procreation and influenced by Rene Descartes' iatrophysical approach. He submitted his doctoral thesis on the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simon Baskerville
Sir Simon Baskerville, M.D. (1574–1641) was an English physician. Life Baskerville, son of Thomas Baskerville, ( apothecary and sometimes one of the stewards of Exeter, who was descended from the ancient family of the Baskervilles in Herefordshire), was baptised at the church of St. Mary Major, Exeter, on 27 October 1574. After receiving a suitable preliminary education, he was sent to Oxford, was taught under Dr Thomas Holland, and matriculated on 10 March 1591 as a member of Exeter College, where he was placed under the care of William Helm, a man famous for his piety and learning. On the first vacancy, he was elected a fellow of the college before he had graduated B.A., and he did not take that degree until 8 July 1596. Subsequently, he proceeded M.A. On the occasion of King James I's visit to the university, Baskerville was "chosen as a prime person to dispute before him in the philosophic art, which he performed with great applause of his majesty, who was not only there ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1587 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1587 The year 1587 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Exploration * c. March – An edition of Peter Martyr d'Anghiera's ''De Orbe Novo'' ("On the New World", 1530) edited by Richard Hakluyt is published in Paris with a new map of the Americas. Mathematics * Franciscus Patricius publishes ''Della nuova geometria'' in Ferrara. Births * January 5 – Xu Xiake, Chinese explorer and geographer (died 1641) * January 8 – Johannes Fabricius, Frisian astronomer (died 1616) * October 22 – Joachim Jungius, German mathematician, logician and philosopher of science (died 1657) * Song Yingxing, Chinese encyclopedist (died 1666) Deaths * January 28 – Francisco Hernández de Toledo, Spanish physician and botanist (born 1514) * Possible date – Humphrey Baker, English arithmetician Arithmetic () is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xu Xiake
Xu Xiake (, January 5, 1587 – March 8, 1641), born Xu Hongzu (), courtesy name Zhenzhi (), was a Chinese travel writer and geographer of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), known best for his famous geographical treatise, and noted for his bravery and humility. He traveled throughout China for more than 30 years, documenting his travels extensively. The records of his travels were compiled posthumously in '' The Travel Diaries Xu Xiake'', and his work translated by Ding Wenjiang.Needham, Volume 3, 524. Xu's writing falls under the old Chinese literary category of 'travel record literature' ('youji wenxue'“遊記文學”), which used narrative and prose styles of writing to portray one's travel experiences.Hargett, 67–69. The People's Liberation Army Navy barracks ship ''Xu Xiake'' was named after him. Life With ancestors from Jiangxi province, Xu Xiake was born in what is today Jiangyin (in Jiangsu province) as Xu Hongzu (), as the second son of Xu Yu'an (徐豫庵, 1545 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1618 In Science
The year 1618 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * March 8 – May 15 – Johannes Kepler formulates the third law of planetary motion. * July 21 – Pluto (not known at this time) reaches an aphelion. It next comes to aphelion in 1866. * Johann Baptist Cysat, Swiss Jesuit geometer and astronomer and one of Christoph Scheiner's pupils, becomes the first to study a comet through the telescope and gives the first description of the nucleus and coma of a comet. * September 6–25 – The Great Comet of 1618 is visible to the naked eye. Biology * Fortunio Liceti's ''De spontaneo Viventium Ortu'' supports the theory of spontaneous generation of organisms. Medicine * The College of Physicians of London publishes the ''Pharmacopœia Londinensis''. ''See:'' Births * April 2 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian physicist, discoverer of the diffraction of light (died 1663) * Jeremiah Horrocks, English astronomer (died 1641) Deaths * June 6 – Sir Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, natural satellite, moons, comets and galaxy, galaxies – in either observational astronomy, observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, Sun, solar astronomy, the Star formation, origin or stellar evolution, evolution of stars, or the galaxy formation and evolution, formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational astronomy, observational and theoretical astronomy, theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of Astronomical object, celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jeremiah Horrocks
Jeremiah Horrocks (16183 January 1641), sometimes given as Jeremiah Horrox (the Latinised version that he used on the Emmanuel College register and in his Latin manuscripts), – See footnote 1 was an English astronomer. He was the first person to demonstrate that the Moon moved around the Earth in an elliptical orbit; and he was the only person to predict the transit of Venus of 1639, an event which he and his friend William Crabtree were the only two people to observe and record. Most remarkably, Horrocks (correctly) asserted that Jupiter was accelerating in its orbit while Saturn was slowing and interpreted this as due to mutual gravitational interaction, thereby demonstrating that gravity's actions were not limited to the Earth, Sun, and Moon. His early death and the chaos of the English Civil War nearly resulted in the loss to science of his treatise on the transit, ''Venus in sole visa''; but for this and his other work he is acknowledged as one of the founding fathers o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1712 In Science
The year 1712 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * John Flamsteed's ''Historia Coelestis'' is first published, against his will and without credit by Isaac Newton and Edmond Halley with the influence of John Arbuthnot. (A final version, approved by Flamsteed, is published posthumously in 1725.) Mathematics * Seki Takakazu's discovery of what become known as Bernoulli numbers is first published in his posthumous ''Katsuyo Sanpō''. * Giacomo F. Maraldi experimentally obtains the angle in the rhombic dodecahedron shape, which becomes known as the Maraldi angle. Technology * The first known working Newcomen steam engine is built by Thomas Newcomen with John Calley to pump water out of mines in the Black Country of England. Institutions * January 16 – A military engineering school is established in Moscow which is to become the A.F. Mozhaysky Military-Space Academy. Births * March 8 – John Fothergill, English physician (died 1780) * March 27 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying diseases and their treatment—the ''science'' of medicine—and also a decent competence in its applied practice—the art or ''craft'' of medicine. Both the role of the physician and the meaning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botanist
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word (''botanē'') meaning "pasture", " herbs" "grass", or " fodder"; is in turn derived from (), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes. Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, med ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
