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1712 In Science
The year 1712 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * John Flamsteed's ''Historia Coelestis'' is first published, against his will and without credit by Isaac Newton and Edmond Halley with the influence of John Arbuthnot. (A final version, approved by Flamsteed, is published posthumously in 1725.) Mathematics * Seki Takakazu's discovery of what become known as Bernoulli numbers is first published in his posthumous ''Katsuyo Sanpō''. * Giacomo F. Maraldi experimentally obtains the angle in the rhombic dodecahedron shape, which becomes known as the Maraldi angle. Technology * The first known working Newcomen steam engine is built by Thomas Newcomen with John Calley to pump water out of mines in the Black Country of England. Institutions * January 16 – A military engineering school is established in Moscow which is to become the A.F. Mozhaysky Military-Space Academy. Births * March 8 – John Fothergill, English physician (died 1780) * March 27 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million residents within the city limits, over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 21.5 million residents in the metropolitan area. The city covers an area of , while the urban area covers , and the metropolitan area covers over . Moscow is among the world's largest cities; being the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent. First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to become a prosperous and powerful city that served as the capital of the Grand Duchy that bears its name. When the Grand Duchy of Moscow evolved into the Tsardom of Russia, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of the Tsardom's history. When th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1789 In Science
The year 1789 in science and technology involved some significant events. Anatomy * Antonio Scarpa publishes ''Anatomicæ disquisitiones de auditu et olfactu'', a classic treatise on the hearing and olfactory organs. Astronomy * August 28 and September 17 – William Herschel discovers Saturn's moons Enceladus and Mimas, which he describes to the Royal Society of London on November 12. * Maximilian Hell establishes the constellations '' Tubus Hershelli Major'' and ''Minor'' in honour of Herschel's discovery of Uranus (constellations obsolete by 1930). Botany * Erasmus Darwin publishes his poem '' The Loves of the Plants'', a popular rendering of Linnaeus' works. * Antoine Laurent de Jussieu publishes Genera Plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV', providing a basis for the system of natural classification of flowering plants largely still in use. Chemistry * Antoine Lavoisier's '' Traité élémentair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Midwifery
Midwifery is the health science and health profession that deals with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period (including care of the newborn), in addition to the sexual and reproductive health of women throughout their lives. In many countries, midwifery is a medical profession (special for its independent and direct specialized education; should not be confused with the medical specialty, which depends on a previous general training). A professional in midwifery is known as a midwife. A 2013 Cochrane review concluded that "most women should be offered midwifery-led continuity models of care and women should be encouraged to ask for this option although caution should be exercised in applying this advice to women with substantial medical or obstetric complications." The review found that midwifery-led care was associated with a reduction in the use of epidurals, with fewer episiotomies or instrumental births, and a decreased risk of losing the baby before 24 weeks' gesta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angélique Du Coudray
Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray (c. 1712 – 17 April 1794) was an influential, pioneering midwife during her lifetime, who gained fame when men were taking over the field. She rose from middle-class origins to become noticed and commissioned by King Louis XV himself. Life Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray was born into an eminent French medical family in Clermont-Ferrand. In February 1740, at the age of twenty-five, Angélique du Coudray completed her three-year apprenticeship with Anne Bairsin, Dame Philibet Magin, and passed her qualifying examinations at the College of Surgery École de Chirurgie. Within the next few years, the school of surgery had barred female midwives from receiving instruction. After Du Coudray demanded that the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris provide instructions to all midwives and midwifery students by signing a petition, she was accepted into the school. In 1743, the status of surgeons, who were all male, was r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1751 In Science
The year 1751 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * The globular cluster ''47 Tucanae'' (or 47 Tuc), visible with the unaided eye from the southern hemisphere, is discovered by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, who catalogues it in his list of southern nebulous objects: at a distance of 16000 lightyears, it has a total mass nearly 1 million times the Sun's mass and is 120 light years across, making it appear in the sky as wide as the full moon. Biology * Linnaeus publishes his ''Philosophia Botanica'', the first textbook of descriptive systematic botanical taxonomy and the first appearance of his binomial nomenclature. Chemistry * Nickel (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.71, atomic number 28) is discovered, in the mineral nickeline, by chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in Stockholm, Sweden (although nickel was used in coins in China as early as 235 BCE). Medicine and physiology * May 11 – Pennsylvania Hospital founded in Philadelphia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrew Gordon (Benedictine)
Andrew Gordon (15 June 1712 - 22 August 1751) was a Scottish Benedictine monk, physicist and inventor. He made the first electric motor. Life Andrew Gordon was born in Cofforach, Forfarshire. He was a son of an old Scottish aristocratic family and baptized with the name George. At the age of 12, he travelled to Regensburg, Bavaria, in order to study at the Benedictine Scottish Monastery. As a Catholic Scot, there was no possibility of getting entrance to higher offices in his homeland. In Regensburg, he completed a 5-year general education course of study. Abbott Bernhard Baillie made it possible for Gordon to make education journeys to Austria, France and Italy, in particular to Rome. Gordon returned to Regensburg in 1732. On 24 February 1732 he enrolled as a novice and received the name of "Andreas". In the monastery he began with the study of scholastic philosophy under Gallus Leith, who in 1735 at the Erfurter university was appointed as a Professor for Philosophy. Gordon stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1779 In Science
The year 1779 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * March 23 – Edward Pigott discovers the Black Eye Galaxy (M64). * May 5 – The spiral galaxy M61 is discovered in the constellation Virgo by Barnabus Oriani. Exploration * Horace-Bénédict de Saussure begins publication of ''Voyages dans les Alpes''. Mathematics * Étienne Bézout publishes ''Théorie générale des équations algébriques'' in Paris, containing original work on elimination theory. Physics * Jean-Paul Marat publishes ''Découvertes de M. Marat sur le feu, l'électricité et la lumière'' (''Discoveries of Mr Marat on Fire, Electricity and Light''). Technology * January 8 – Bryan Higgins is granted a British patent for hydraulic cement (''stucco'') for use as an exterior plaster. * May – Boulton and Watt’s Smethwick Engine is brought into service for pumping on the Birmingham Canal Navigations; two centuries later it will become the oldest working steam engine in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veterinary Surgeon
Veterinary surgery is surgery performed on animals by veterinarians, whereby the procedures fall into three broad categories: orthopaedics (bones, joints, muscles), soft tissue surgery (skin, body cavities, cardiovascular system, GI/urogenital/respiratory tracts), and neurosurgery. Advanced surgical procedures such as joint replacement (total hip, knee and elbow replacement), fracture repair, stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, oncologic (cancer) surgery, herniated disc treatment, complicated gastrointestinal or urogenital procedures, kidney transplant, skin grafts, complicated wound management, and minimally invasive procedures (arthroscopy, laparoscopy, thoracoscopy) are performed by veterinary surgeons (as registered in their jurisdiction). Most general practice veterinarians perform routine surgeries such as neuters and minor mass excisions; some also perform additional procedures. The goal of veterinary surgery may be quite different in pets and in farm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French People
The French people (french: Français) are an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France. The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily the descendants of Gauls (including the Belgae) and Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European Celtic and Italic peoples), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norse also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Bourgelat
Claude Bourgelat (27 March 1712 – 3 January 1779) was a French veterinary surgeon. He was a founder of scientifically informed veterinary medicine, and he created one of the earliest schools for training professional veterinarians. Life and career Bourgelat was born at Lyon. He initially studied law and worked as a barrister, but he became interested in veterinary medicine because of his interest in horses. In 1740, at the age of 28, Bourgelat became the head of the Lyon Academy of Horsemanship. As an amateur horsemanship enthusiast, he developed a style of horse riding that is still used as of today. In 1750 Bourgelat wrote a book on the topic of veterinary medicine, in which he considered the idea of founding a veterinary school. He followed through on the idea in 1761 (also variously given as 1762 or 1764), when he co-founded the veterinary colleges at Lyon. He founded the veterinary college specifically to combat the cattle plague (also called the ''rinderpest''), and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1780 In Science
The year 1780 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Clément Joseph Tissot publishes ''Gymnastique médicinale et chirurgicale, ou, essai sur l'utilité du mouvement, ou des différens exercices du corps, et du repos dans la cure des malades'' in Paris, the first text on the therapeutic benefits of physical exercise. * Lazzaro Spallanzani publishes ''Dissertationi di fisica animale e vegetale'', first interpreting the process of animal digestion as a chemical process in the stomach, by action of gastric juice. He also carries out important researches on animal fertilization. Chemistry * Lactose is identified as a sugar by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Physics * Jean-Paul Marat publishes ''Recherches physiques sur le feu'' (''Research into the Physics of Fire'') and ''Découvertes de M. Marat sur la lumière'' (''Mr Marat's Discoveries on Light''). History of science * Dr John Aikin publishes his ''Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain'', the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
