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1981 In Poland
Incumbents Members of the government *Prime Ministers of Poland - Józef Pińkowski (until February 11, 1981), Wojciech Jaruzelski (February 11, 1981 – November 6, 1985) *First Secretaries of the Communist Party (''PZPR'') - Stanisław Kania (until October 18, 1981), Wojciech Jaruzelski (October 18, 1981 - July 29, 1989) *Minister of National Defence - Wojciech Jaruzelski *For members of the Polish Politburo, see Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party Other personalities *Roman Catholic Primate of Poland - Stefan Wyszyński (until his death, May 28, 1981), Józef Glemp (September 12, 1981 – December 18, 2009), *President of Polish government-in-exile - Edward Raczyński *Prime Minister of Polish government-in-exile - Kazimierz Sabbat Events January *January 2. In Rzeszów, individual peasants headed by Jan Kułaj, enter former office of Provincial Council of Trade Unions (''WRZZ''), occupying it in protest of unjust share of WRZZ's assets. *January 5. Farmers, prote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer, politician and ''de facto'' leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989. He was the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party between 1981 and 1989, making him the last leader of the Polish People's Republic. Jaruzelski served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985, the Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and briefly as President of Poland from 1989 to 1990, when the office of President was restored after 37 years. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army, which in 1990 became the Polish Armed Forces. Born to Polish nobility in Kurów in eastern (then-central) Poland, Jaruzelski was deported with his family to Siberia by the NKVD after the invasion of Poland. Assigned to forced labour in the Siberian wilderness, he developed photokeratitis which forced him to wear protective sunglasses for the rest of his life. In 1943, Jaru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tygodnik Solidarność
''Tygodnik Solidarność'' (, "Solidarity Weekly") is a Polish weekly magazine. Started and published by the Solidarity movement on 3 April 1981, it was banned by the People's Republic of Poland following the martial law declaration from 13 December 1981 and the thaw of 1989. It was legalized in June 1989 after the Polish legislative elections, 1989. Editors *Tadeusz Mazowiecki *Jarosław Kaczyński Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński (; born 18 June 1949) is a Polish politician who is currently serving as leader of the Law and Justice party (known by its Polish acronym PiS), which he co-founded in 2001 with his twin brother, Lech Kaczyński, ... * Andrzej Gelberg * Jerzy Kłosiński References External links Official website 1981 establishments in Poland Magazines established in 1981 Magazines published in Warsaw Polish-language magazines Weekly magazines published in Poland Political magazines published in Poland Solidarity (Polish trade union) {{Europe-p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Łódź
Łódź, also rendered in English as Lodz, is a city in central Poland and a former industrial centre. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is located approximately south-west of Warsaw. The city's coat of arms is an example of canting arms, canting, as it depicts a boat ( in Polish language, Polish), which alludes to the city's name. As of 2022, Łódź has a population of 670,642 making it the country's List of cities and towns in Poland, fourth largest city. Łódź was once a small settlement that first appeared in 14th-century records. It was granted city rights, town rights in 1423 by Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło and it remained a private town of the Kuyavian bishops and clergy until the late 18th century. In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź was annexed to Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia before becoming part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw; the city joined Congress Poland, a Russian Empire, Russian client state, at the 1815 Congress of Vien ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy See
The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome, which has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the Catholic Church and the sovereign city-state known as the Vatican City. According to Catholic tradition it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul and, by virtue of Petrine and papal primacy, is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world. As a sovereign entity, the Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the pope is sovereign. The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia (Latin for "Roman Court"), which is the central government of the Catholic Church. The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries, comparable to ministries and ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Paul II
Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in April 2005, and was later canonised as Pope Saint John Paul II. He was elected pope by the second papal conclave of 1978, which was called after John Paul I, who had been elected in August to succeed Pope Paul VI, died after 33 days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the third day of the conclave and adopted the name of his predecessor in tribute to him. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI in the 16th century and the second-longest-serving pope after Pius IX in modern history. John Paul II attempted to improve the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. He maintained the church's previous positions on such matters as abortion, artificia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatoly Gribkov
Anatoly Ivanovich Gribkov (russian: Анато́лий Ива́нович Грибко́в) (March 23, 1919 – February 12, 2008) was at Soviet Army High Command during the Cold War era. Gribkov was born in the village of Dukhovoye (now in Liskinsky District of Voronezh Oblast), Russian SFSR on March 23, 1919, to father Ivan Vasilyevich Gribkov and mother Serafima Kuzminichna Gribkova. He had six brothers and three sisters. Education When he was older, he attended the J. V. Stalin Armored Troops School, from which he graduated early, and later graduated from the Soviet General Staff Academy with an honours degree and a gold medal. Historic events General Anatoly Gribkov played minor but important roles during the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis and Checkpoint Charlie. He later commanded the Leningrad Military District The Leningrad Military District was a military district of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. In 2010 it was merged with the Moscow Military ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viktor Kulikov
Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov (russian: Виктор Георгиевич Куликов; 5 July 1921 – 28 May 2013) was the Warsaw Pact commander-in-chief from 1977 to 1989. He was awarded the rank of the Marshal of the Soviet Union on 14 January 1977. Kulikov was born into a peasant family and joined the Red Army in 1940. He saw service in World War II and was made a Hero of the Soviet Union. Kulikov commanded the Kyiv Military District in 1967–1969 and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1969–1971. From 1971 until 1977, he served as the Chief of General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces. In 1983, he was awarded a Lenin Prize. Kulikov was a member of the Soviet/Russian parliament 1989–2003. He was awarded the highest Cuban award, the Order of Playa Girón in 2006. Kulikov died after an extended illness in 2013. Honours and awards ;USSR and Russia * Hero of the Soviet Union (3 July 1981) * Order of Merit for the Fatherland; **2nd class II degrees (10 July 2001) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officially estimated at 1.86 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 7th most-populous city in the European Union. The city area measures and comprises 18 districts, while the metropolitan area covers . Warsaw is an Alpha global city, a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government. Warsaw traces its origins to a small fishing town in Masovia. The city rose to prominence in the late 16th century, when Sigismund III decided to move the Polish capital and his royal court from Kraków. Warsaw served as the de facto capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, and subsequently as the seat of Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józef Pińkowski
Józef Pińkowski (; 17 April 1929 – 8 November 2000) was a Polish Communist politician who served as 51st Prime Minister of Poland from 1980 to 1981. By profession Pińkowski was an economist. In 1971 he became a member of the central committee of the PZPR. Between 1971 and 1974 he was First Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of the Ministerial Council. Between September 1980 and February 1981, during the early years of the Solidarity movement, he served with some success as Prime Minister of Poland under the party leadership of Stanisław Kania Stanisław Kania (; 8 March 1927 – 3 March 2020) was a Polish communist politician. Life and career Kania joined the Polish Workers' Party in April 1945 when the Germans were driven out by the Red Army and Polish Communists began to take contr .... 1929 births 2000 deaths People from Siedlce People from Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939) Members of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party Prime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ZOMO
The Motorized Reserves of the Citizens' Militia ( pl, Zmotoryzowane Odwody Milicji Obywatelskiej), commonly known as ZOMO, were paramilitary-police formations during the communist era in Poland. These elite units of Citizens' Militia (MO) were originally created to fight dangerous criminals, to provide security during mass events, and help in the case of natural disasters and other crises; however, they became known instead for their brutal and sometimes repressive lethal actions of riot control and their role in quelling civil rights protests. The first ZOMO units were deployed in 1956 and became particularly infamous for their ruthless handling of political opponents under Polish martial law (1981–1983). It was permanently disbanded after the fall of communism in 1989, though the term "ZOMO" remains synonymous with police brutality to this day. Early history ZOMO units were created on December 24, 1956, under the direct command of the President of the Council of Minister ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karlino Oil Eruption
The Karlino oil eruption was an Blowout (well drilling), oil well blowout that took place on December 9, 1980, near Karlino, a town located in Pomerania in northern Poland, near the Baltic Sea coast. The eruption and the fire that followed it put an end to the hope of Poland becoming a "second Kuwait". It took more than a month for Polish, Soviet Union, Soviet and Hungary, Hungarian firefighters to completely extinguish the fire. The eruption was the result of an extensive search for underground oil deposits that took place in the area in 1980. Background In 1980, the town of Karlino became a symbol of Polish hopes for a "new Kuwait" because of the discovery of oil deposits surrounding the town. At that time Poland was in a severe economic crisis, foreign debt was mounting, and both the Communist authorities and the nation hoped to be able to sell oil from Karlino to the West and pay off the debt with the proceeds. The oil deposits took on a symbolic role as a further sign of a b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karlino
Karlino (formerly german: Körlin an der Persante) is a town in Białogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. It has a population of 5,729 (2004). Up to the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 it was former eastern territories of Germany, part of Germany, a town in the Province of Pomerania (1815–1945), Province of Pomerania. Since the 14th century, the bishops of Kamień Pomorski, Cammin had their residence in Körlin, which was their property. The town is known in Poland for an oil gusher at a nearby oil well, exploration oil well, which Karlino oil eruption, erupted and caught fire on December 9, 1980. It burned until January 14, 1981, when it was finally put out, after dominating the news for weeks. However, the hopes for oil riches which this event engendered were brief, and in the end the amount of oil discovered was not sufficient for profitable production. International relations Karlino is town twinning, twinned with: References External links Official town w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
