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1960 New Zealand General Election
The 1960 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 33rd term. It saw the governing Labour Party defeated by the National Party, putting an end to the short second Labour government. Background The Labour Party had won the 1957 election by a narrow margin, beginning New Zealand's second period of Labour government. However, the new administration soon lost its narrow lead in public opinion, with its financial policies being the principal cause of dissatisfaction. The so-called "Black Budget", introduced by finance minister Arnold Nordmeyer, increased taxes substantially, with particularly large increases for alcohol and tobacco taxes; Labour became widely seen as both miserly and puritanical. The government defended its tax increases as a necessary measure to avert a balance of payments crisis, but the opposition, led by Keith Holyoake, made substantial gains out of the issue throughout the parliamentary term. Bot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Zealand Parliament
The New Zealand Parliament ( mi, Pāremata Aotearoa) is the unicameral legislature of New Zealand, consisting of the King of New Zealand ( King-in-Parliament) and the New Zealand House of Representatives. The King is usually represented by his governor-general. Before 1951, there was an upper chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The New Zealand Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning legislatures in the world. It has met in Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, since 1865. The House of Representatives normally consists of 120 members of Parliament (MPs), though sometimes more due to overhang seats. There are 72 MPs elected directly in electorates while the remainder of seats are assigned to list MPs based on each party's share of the total party vote. Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. Although elections can be called early, each three years Parliament is dissolved and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balance Of Payments
In international economics, the balance of payments (also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BOP or BoP) of a country is the difference between all money flowing into the country in a particular period of time (e.g., a quarter or a year) and the outflow of money to the rest of the world. These financial transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies to compare receipts and payments arising out of trade of goods and services. The balance of payments consists of two components: the current account and the capital account. The current account reflects a country's net income, while the capital account reflects the net change in ownership of national assets. History Until the early 19th century, international trade was heavily regulated and accounted for a relatively small portion compared with national output. In the Middle Ages, European trade was typically regulated at municipal level in the interests of security for local industry an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jimmy Maher (politician)
James Joseph Maher (1888 – 28 July 1964) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. Life and politics Maher was born in 1888 in Palmerston North. He received his education at a local school until age 12, when his father died and he became a farm worker. He then went sharemilking, and leased a farm at Mangaroa, which he later purchased. He was the inaugural president of the Town Milk Supplies Board from 1943, chaired the Wellington Dairy Farmers Co-op Association, was a member of the Hutt Valley Council, a member of the Hutt Valley Power Board, and was a treasurer of Federated Farmers in 1948. In the , Maher contested the electorate, but was beaten by the incumbent, Labour's Ben Roberts. At the next general election in , he successfully contested the Otaki electorate, where the incumbent, Labour's Leonard Lowry, retired that year. Maher represented the electorate until he retired in 1960. Allan McCready his son-in-law succeeded to the Otaki seat. In the 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hobson (New Zealand Electorate)
Hobson is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate. It existed from 1946 to 1978 and then from 1987 to 1996, and was represented by five Members of Parliament, four of whom represented the National Party. It is notable for returning a member of the Social Credit Party in the , as no other candidate not aligned with either Labour or National had been elected to Parliament since . With the re-drawing of boundaries in the first MMP election in 1996, the seat was absorbed into the Northland and Whangarei electorates. Population centres The 1941 New Zealand census had been postponed due to World War II, so the 1946 electoral redistribution had to take ten years of population growth and movements into account. The North Island gained a further two electorates from the South Island due to faster population growth. The abolition of the country quota through the ''Electoral Amendment Act, 1945'' reduced the number and increased the size of rural electorates. None of the existing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sidney Walter Smith
Sidney Walter Smith JP (20 January 1893 – 26 August 1981) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. He was a Parliamentary Under-Secretary and later a Minister. Biography Smith was born in Ashburton in 1893. He received his education at Algin Primary and Ashburton High Schools. He served in the NZEF in France and Egypt in World War I. He then farmed at Opuawhanga and Pakaraka and went into business. He was on several local boards, acting as a member of the Bay of Islands County Council and the Bay of Islands Hospital Board, and as Chairman of the Bay of Islands Dairy Company. He married Dorothy Alice Blundell in 1924. He represented the Bay of Islands electorate from 1943 to 1946, and the renamed Hobson electorate from 1946 to 1960 when he retired. Under Sidney Holland, he was Parliamentary Under-Secretary for the Minister of Agriculture and of Marketing (1949–1954). In the second Holland Ministry, he was Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fendalton (New Zealand Electorate)
Fendalton is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate. It existed during two periods between 1946 and 1996. The electorate was in the western suburbs of Christchurch, New Zealand. Fendalton is an expensive suburb, and was always represented by the National Party. Population centres The 1941 New Zealand census had been postponed due to World War II, so the 1946 electoral redistribution had to take ten years of population growth and movements into account. The North Island gained a further two electorates from the South Island due to faster population growth. The abolition of the country quota through the ''Electoral Amendment Act, 1945'' reduced the number and increased the size of rural electorates. None of the existing electorates remained unchanged, 27 electorates were abolished, eight former electorates were re-established, and 19 electorates were created for the first time, including Fendalton. To the west of the Main North Line, its area came from the electorate. To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jack Watts (politician)
Jack Thomas Watts (15 April 1909 – 10 August 1970) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party and the twenty-ninth Minister of Finance, from November 1954 to 12 December 1957, when he retired. Biography Early life and career Watts was born in Palmerston North in 1909. He was educated at Christchurch Boys High School and Canterbury University where he attained a Master of Laws. In 1932 he won the Butterwoth Prize in Law and the Canterbury Law Society Gold Medal. In 1934 he started his own legal practice. In 1937 he married Gwendolyn Irene Grange with whom he had five children. During World War II Watts served as an officer in the New Zealand Army but did not serve abroad. He was medically discharged from the army in early 1943 due to high blood pressure. Political career He was the Member of Parliament for Riccarton 1943–46, then St Albans 1946–57, then Fendalton 1957–60. During the First National Government, he was Minister of Health and Minister for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eden (New Zealand Electorate)
Eden, a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate, lay in the general area of the suburb of Mount Eden in the city of Auckland. Population centres The 1870 electoral redistribution was undertaken by a parliamentary select committee based on population data from the 1867 census. Eight sub-committees were formed, with two members each making decisions for their own province; thus members set their own electorate boundaries. The number of electorates was increased from 61 to 72, and Eden was one of the new electorates. The electorate was urban, and comprised a number of inner-city suburbs in the central-south part of Auckland. History The Eden electorate was created in 1871 for the 5th Parliament. The first elected representative was Robert James Creighton, who won the 1871 election. He was succeeded in 1876 by Joseph Tole, who served until 1887. In the , Tole beat Frederick Whitaker. Edwin Mitchelson won the 1887 election. He served three parliamentary terms until 1896, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duncan Rae
Duncan McFadyen Rae (2 June 1888 – 3 February 1964) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. Biography Rae was born in Mataura in 1888. He received his education at Knox College and at Otago University, where he gained an MA and a diploma of education. He was in the NZEF in World War I. He taught at East Cape School in Invercargill for ten years, and was then Vice-Principal (1924–1929) then Principal (1929–1947) at the Auckland Teachers' Training College. He represented the Auckland electorates of from 1946 to 1954, and then from 1954 (succeeding Wilfred Fortune) to 1960, when he retired. Rae suggested that an organisation for the protection of the country's heritage should be set up and put in a private member's bill in 1953. Whilst this did not proceed, the First National Government of New Zealand (of which he was a member) took responsibility of the issue and the Historic Places Act 1954 was passed, which established the National Historic Plac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clutha (New Zealand Electorate)
Clutha was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate from 1866 to 1996. Population centres In the 1865 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives focussed its review of electorates to South Island electorates only, as the Central Otago Gold Rush had caused significant population growth, and a redistribution of the existing population. Fifteen additional South Island electorates were created, including Clutha, and the number of Members of Parliament was increased by 13 to 70. This electorate covered South Otago and contained the settlements of Balclutha, Kaitangata, and Owaka. It was later enlarged to include much of the Bruce electorate, Including the town of Milton. History The electorate was established in 1865 for the . The first representative was James Macandrew, who had served on all previous parliaments. At the , Macandrew successfully stood in the , and Clutha was won by James Thomson. In the , Thomson was defeated by Thomas Mackenzie. Mackenzie retired from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Roy (politician)
James Alexander McLean Roy (3 March 1893 – 26 May 1971) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. Biography He was born and educated in Wairuna near Clinton. He farmed on his father's farm in Wairuna, and his own farm in Cave, South Canterbury. In World War I he was a lieutenant and was awarded the Military Cross and bar, and his medals are on display at the National Army Museum in Waiouru. His second citation, for actions on 9 November 1918, reads: He was a member of the Clinton Presbyterian Church, and Superintendent of the Sunday School there. At the , he succeeded Peter McSkimming as an Independent supporter of the Reform-United coalition in the Clutha electorate. In 1936, he joined the new National Party formed from a coalition of the Reform Party and the United Party plus three Independents (Roy, with James Hargest and William Polson Sir William John Polson (6 June 1875 – 8 October 1960) was a New Zealand politician, first as an Ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1959 United Kingdom General Election
The 1959 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 8 October 1959. It marked a third consecutive victory for the ruling Conservative Party, now led by Harold Macmillan. For the second time in a row, the Conservatives increased their overall majority in Parliament, this time to a landslide majority of 100 seats, having gained 20 seats for a return of 365. The Labour Party, led by Hugh Gaitskell, lost 19 seats and returned 258. The Liberal Party, led by Jo Grimond, again returned only six MPs to the House of Commons, but managed to increase its overall share of the vote to 5.9%, compared to just 2.7% four years earlier. The Conservatives won the largest number of votes in Scotland, but narrowly failed to win the most seats in that country. They have not made either achievement ever since. Both Jeremy Thorpe, a future Liberal leader, and Margaret Thatcher, a future Conservative leader and eventually Prime Minister, first entered the House of Commons after this electio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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