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1871 års Fattigvårdförordning
1871 års fattigvårdförordning (English: ''Poor Relief Regulation of 1871'') was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public Poor relief in the Sweden. It replaced the ''1847 års fattigvårdförordning'' and was in effect until the Poor Care Law of 1918. In 1847, the first Swedish social help system separate from the church had been organized by the ''1847 års fattigvårdförordning''. It was adjusted only to a very minor degree by the ''1853 års fattigvårdförordning''. The rapid changes during the mid 19th-century, including industrialisation, urbanization, labour movement and socialism, created an opposition toward public social projects among the ruling elite, who came to regard them as communism. The law from 1847, which was influenced by the liberalism of the 1840s, came to be regarded as too generous, and gradually the authorities came to practice it more and more strictly. This was illustrated during the Swedish famine of 1867–1869, when emergency relief wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poor Law
In English and British history, poor relief refers to government and ecclesiastical action to relieve poverty. Over the centuries, various authorities have needed to decide whose poverty deserves relief and also who should bear the cost of helping the poor. Alongside ever-changing attitudes towards poverty, many methods have been attempted to answer these questions. Since the early 16th century legislation on poverty enacted by the English Parliament, poor relief has developed from being little more than a systematic means of punishment into a complex system of government-funded support and protection, especially following the creation in the 1940s of the welfare state. Tudor era In the late 15th century, parliament took action on the growing problem of poverty, focusing on punishing people for being "vagabonds" and for begging. In 1495, during the reign of King Henry VII, Parliament enacted the Vagabond Act. This provided for officers of the law to arrest and hold "all such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1871 In Law
Events January–March * January 3 – Franco-Prussian War – Battle of Bapaume: Prussians win a strategic victory. * January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the south German states, aside from Austria, unite into a single nation state, known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. Constitution of the German Confederation comes into effect. It abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence, and property ownership, but exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain in effect. * January 21 – Giuseppe Garibaldi's group of French and Italian volunteer troops, in support of the French Third Republic, win a battle against the Prussians in the Battle of Dijon. * February 8 – 1871 French legislative election elects t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social History Of Sweden
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives from the Latin word ''socii'' ("allies"). It is particularly derived from the Italian ''Socii'' states, historical allies of the Roman Republic (although they rebelled against Rome in the Social War of 91–87 BC). Social theorists In the view of Karl MarxMorrison, Ken. ''Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Formations of modern social thought'', human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who, beyond being "gregarious creatures", cannot survive and meet their needs other than through social co-operation and association. Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes; and, according to Marx, in producing and reproducin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Welfare In Sweden
Social welfare in Sweden is made up of several organizations and systems dealing with welfare. It is mostly funded by taxes, and executed by the public sector on all levels of government as well as private organizations. It can be separated into three parts falling under three different ministries. Social welfare is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. Education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Research. The labour market is the responsibility of the Ministry of Employment. History The modern Swedish welfare system was preceded by the poor relief organized by the Church of Sweden. This was formalized in the Beggar Law of 1642, and became mandatory in the Civil Code of 1734, when each parish was required to have an almshouse. This system was changed with the Poor Law of 1847, when the first national poor care system separate from the church was organized: a mandatory public poor care relief fund financed by the public w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1918 års Fattigvårdslag
1918 års fattigvårdslag (English: ''Poor Care Law of 1918'') was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public Poor relief in the Sweden. It replaced the ''1871 års fattigvårdförordning'' and was in effect until the modern Social Help Law of 1952. The law was clubbed by the Swedish Parliament on 14 June 1918. It replaced the Law of 1871, which had been very strict and complemented by abusive practices such as ''rotegång'', the pauper auctions and child auction. The law of 1918 reformed and humanized the entire social relief system in Sweden. It transformed the old poor care system to a more modern social welfare law, expanded the right to social help to and reintroduced the right to appeal. It abolished a number of practices associated with the old system, such as the ''rotegång'', the pauper auctions, the child auctions, and transformed the old poor house A poorhouse or workhouse is a government-run (usually by a county or municipality) facility to support and pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Child Auction
Child auction ( sv, Barnauktion, fi, Huutolaisuus) was a historical practice in Sweden and Finland during the 19th and early 20th centuries, in which orphan and poor children were boarded out in auctions. The name "auction" however does not refer to actual slave auctions, as the children in these auctions were never actually bought in a legal sense, but the name has become the common name for the practice. The children were handed over to the person asking least money from the authorities to provide for the child. The compensation was determined in descending English auctions, where the children were present. The lowest bidder became the child's foster-parent and was compensated with an annual amount equal to his bid. The foster-parents provided the child the housing, upbringing and education, but the children were often used as a child labour. Specially in the Finnish countryside the children sold in the auctions usually lived in a very bad conditions. They were also mistreated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fattigauktion
Fattigauktion (Poor Auction), was a historical practice within Swedish poor relief during the 19th-century, in which paupers were auctioned off to a bidder among the parishioners willing to house them in exchange for the lowest amount of money for their keep from the parish poor care board. In accordance with the '' Poor Relief Regulation 1847'', every parish was responsible for the support of the poor within their parish, a help financed by every member of the parish through the church fund, and distributed and organized through the poor care board. Paupers were divided in two classes. The first class consisted of a pauper unable to support themselves, usually meaning old people, orphans, and the physically or mentally disabled. The second class consisted of people being temporarily supported by poor relief. The paupers of the first class were, according to law, to be placed in a poor house, an orphanage or a hospital. In reality, however, many parishes in the country side neg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rotegång
Rotegång ('Walk the parish') or ''kringgång'' ('Walk around') was a historical form of poor care in the history of Sweden to support the very poorest in the peasant community. Rotegång was practiced in the Swedish countryside already in the Middle Ages to care for those of the community destitute who could not work. In 1296, it is mentioned in Uppland County Law that a community pauper had the right to be given shelter in the households of the parish for 24 hours each. This method was a phenomenon of the countryside, as the city paupers were normally given shelter in the poor houses from at least circa 1300 onward. Those of the destitute ''fattighjon'' (pauper) who could not be placed in a backstuga or in a poor house, which did not always exist in rural communities, were referred to the ''rotegång''. The households of a parish were traditionally divided into ''rotes: normally, one rote of the village contained six households. Each rote was given responsibility for one pauper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swedish Famine Of 1867–1869
The Famine of 1867–1869 was the last famine in Sweden, and (together with the Finnish famine of 1866–1868) the last major famine in Northern Europe. In Sweden, the year 1867 was known as ''Storsvagåret'' ('Year of Great Weakness') and, in Tornedalen, as ''Lavåret'' ('Lichen Year') because of the bark bread made of lichen.Häger, Olle; Torell, Carl; Villius, Hans (1978). ''Ett satans år: Norrland 1867.'' Stockholm: Sveriges Radio. It contributed to the great rush of Swedish emigration to the United States. Causes During the 1860s, Sweden had suffered poor harvests on several occasions. The spring and summer of 1867 were much colder than usual all over Sweden. In Burträsk, for example, it was not possible to start sowing before Midsummer: snow was still left in June. The late spring was followed by a very short summer and an early autumn. This caused not just bad harvests, but also made it difficult to feed the cattle. The consequence was rising food prices. This caus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poor Relief
In English and British history, poor relief refers to government and ecclesiastical action to relieve poverty. Over the centuries, various authorities have needed to decide whose poverty deserves relief and also who should bear the cost of helping the poor. Alongside ever-changing attitudes towards poverty, many methods have been attempted to answer these questions. Since the early 16th century legislation on poverty enacted by the English Parliament The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain. Parliament evolved from the great council of bishops and peers that advised t ..., poor relief has developed from being little more than a systematic means of punishment into a complex system of government-funded support and protection, especially following the creation in the 1940s of the welfare state. Tudor era In the late 15th century, parliament took actio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostility to autocracy, cultural distaste for conservatism and for tradition in general, tolerance, and ... individualism". John Dunn. ''Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future'' (1993). Cambridge University Press. . Liberals espouse various views depending on their understanding of these principles. However, they generally support private property, market economies, individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), liberal democracy, secularism, rule of law, economic and political freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion. Liberalism is frequently cited as the dominant ideology of modern times.Wolfe, p. 23.Adams, p. 11. Liberalism became a distinct movement in the Age of Enlightenment, gaining popularity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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