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Swedish Famine Of 1867–1869
The Famine of 1867–1869 was the last famine in Sweden, and (together with the Finnish famine of 1866–1868) the last major famine in Northern Europe. In Sweden, the year 1867 was known as ''Storsvagåret'' ('Year of Great Weakness') and, in Tornedalen, as ''Lavåret'' ('Lichen Year') because of the bark bread made of lichen.Häger, Olle; Torell, Carl; Villius, Hans (1978). ''Ett satans år: Norrland 1867.'' Stockholm: Sveriges Radio. It contributed to the great rush of Swedish emigration to the United States. Causes During the 1860s, Sweden had suffered poor harvests on several occasions. The spring and summer of 1867 were much colder than usual all over Sweden. In Burträsk, for example, it was not possible to start sowing before Midsummer: snow was still left in June. The late spring was followed by a very short summer and an early autumn. This caused not just bad harvests, but also made it difficult to feed the cattle. The consequence was rising food prices. This caus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridgetunnel across the Öresund. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic country, the third-largest country in the European Union, and the fifth-largest country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.5 million, and a low population density of , with around 87% of Swedes residing in urban areas in the central and southern half of the country. Sweden has a nature dominated by forests and a large amount of lakes, including some of the largest in Europe. Many long rivers run from the Scandes range through the landscape, primarily ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1847 års Fattigvårdförordning
1847 års fattigvårdförordning (English: ''Poor relief regulation of 1847'') was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public poor relief system in Sweden. With some alterations in 1853 and 1871, it established the basis for the poor relief system until the Poor Care Law of 1918 was passed. History The law replaced the ''1642 års tiggareordning'' which had previously regulated the public poor relief system. At the time the 1847 reform was enacted, care for the poor was largely organized in the traditional rotegång system, administered by the church. The 1847 regulation established a public board of directors for poor relief in each parish. Though the church was no longer directly involved, the vicar in each parish was to be given a seat on the board. The law also made it mandatory to contribute to the parish poor fund. The ban for paupers who received benefits to move to another parish was also lifted, and the right of the parish to refuse a pauper (not born in the parish) to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emergency Help Image Fäderneslandet 1867
An emergency is an urgent, unexpected, and usually dangerous situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property, or environment and requires immediate action. Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some situations, mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only be able to offer palliative care for the aftermath. While some emergencies are self-evident (such as a natural disaster that threatens many lives), many smaller incidents require that an observer (or affected party) decide whether it qualifies as an emergency. The precise definition of an emergency, the agencies involved and the procedures used, vary by jurisdiction, and this is usually set by the government, whose agencies (emergency services) are responsible for emergency planning and management. Defining an emergency An incident, to be an emergency, conforms to one or more of the following, if it: * Poses an immediate threat to life, hea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Härnösand
Härnösand () is a locality and the seat of Härnösand Municipality in Västernorrland County, Sweden with 17,556 inhabitants in 2010. It is called "the gate to the High Coast" because of the world heritage landscape just a few miles north of Härnösand. Härnösand is the seat of the Diocese of Härnösand. History On 10 December 1885, Härnösand became the first town in Sweden with electric street lighting, following the Gådeå power station being taken into use. Education Härnösand is the seat of The National Agency for Special Needs Education and Schools (''Specialpedagogiska skolmyndigheten''). The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) operates its training programme Sida Partnership Forum in Härnösand. Industry One of the biggest employers in Härnösand is the cable-TV and Cable internet service provider Com Hem. Sports The women's team of the bandy club Härnösands AIK plays in the highest division and the men's team has don ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flour
Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour, is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many cultures. Corn flour has been important in Mesoamerican cuisine since ancient times and remains a staple in the Americas. Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern Europe. Cereal flour consists either of the endosperm, germ, and bran together (whole-grain flour) or of the endosperm alone (refined flour). ''Meal'' is either differentiable from flour as having slightly coarser particle size (degree of comminution) or is synonymous with flour; the word is used both ways. For example, the word '' cornmeal'' often connotes a grittier texture whereas corn flour connotes fine powder, although there is no codified dividing line. The CDC has cautioned not to eat raw flour doughs or batters. Raw flour can contain bacteria like '' E. col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Bark Bread
Bark bread is a traditional food made with cambium (phloem) flour. It has a history of use as famine food. History Bark bread seems to be a primarily Scandinavian tradition. Mention of it is found in medieval literature, and it may have an even older tradition among the Sami people, with the oldest findings of bark harvests being around 3000 years old.Forskning & Framsteg, Bark - nyttigt och gott!, ur nr 5/200/ref> During the 18th and early 19th century, Northern Europe experienced several very bad years of crop failure, particularly during the Little Ice Age of the mid-18th century. The grain harvest was badly affected, and creative solutions to make the flour last longer were introduced. In 1742, samples of "emergency bread" were sent from Kristiansand, Norway, to the Royal Administration in Copenhagen, among them bark bread, bread made from grainless husks and bread made from burned bones. During the Napoleonic Wars, moss and lichen too was used for human consumption. The las ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torp (architecture)
A is a type of croft emblematic of the Swedish countryside. It comes from the Old Norse . In modern usage, it is the emblematic Swedish summer house, a small cottage painted Falu red and white, and evidence of the way in which urbanization came quite late to all of Scandinavia. Its characteristic colour is ubiquitous in Sweden and became popular due to the paint's affordability. In the meaning of "simple second home", the concept exists under other names in Danish, Norwegian ( – but the term is also used in Norwegian) and Finnish ( or ). The word is cognate with the English ''thorp'' (a secondary settlement or small group of houses in the countryside), which is found in many English placenames. Its meaning in Swedish has shifted over time. Before the 16th century, a ''torp'' was a separate farm, usually established by a farmer who had moved out from a village, and which often grew to become a village in its own right. In 16th-century Sweden, which at that time included Finland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Per Grundström
Per is a Latin preposition which means "through" or "for each", as in per capita. Per or PER may also refer to: Places * IOC country code for Peru * Pér, a village in Hungary * Chapman code for Perthshire, historic county in Scotland Math and statistics * Rate (mathematics), ratio between quantities in different units, described with the word "per" * Price–earnings ratio, in finance, a measure of growth in earnings * Player efficiency rating, a measure of basketball player performance * Partial equivalence relation, class of relations that are symmetric and transitive * Physics education research Science * Perseus (constellation), standard astronomical abbreviation * Period (gene) or ''per'' that regulates the biological clock and its corresponding protein PER * Protein efficiency ratio, of food * PER or peregrinibacteria, a candidate bacterial phylum Media and entertainment * PeR (band), a Latvian pop band * ''Per'' (film), a 1975 Danish film Transport * IATA cod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surety
In finance, a surety , surety bond or guaranty involves a promise by one party to assume responsibility for the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults. Usually, a surety bond or surety is a promise by a surety or guarantor to pay one party (the ''obligee'') a certain amount if a second party (the ''principal'') fails to meet some obligation, such as fulfilling the terms of a contract. The surety bond protects the obligee against losses resulting from the principal's failure to meet the obligation. The person or company providing the promise is also known as a "surety" or as a "guarantor". Overview A surety bond is defined as a contract among at least three parties: * the ''obligee'': the party who is the recipient of an obligation * the ''principal'': the primary party who will perform the contractual obligation * the ''surety'': who assures the obligee that the principal can perform the task European surety bonds can be issued by banks and surety companies. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ã…ngermanland
Ångermanland ( or ) is a historical province (''landskap'') in the northern part of Sweden. It is bordered (clockwise from the north) by Swedish Lapland, Västerbotten, the Gulf of Bothnia, Medelpad and Jämtland. The name is derived from the Old Norse ''anger'', which means "deep fjord" and is a reference to the deep mouth of the Ångerman River (''Ångermanälven''). In earlier times the province was known, in medieval Latin, as Angermannia. Administration The traditional provinces of Sweden, while remaining culturally and historically important, no longer serve as administrative or political entities. The heartlands of Ångermanland lie in today's Västernorrland County, with the remainder of the traditional province now forming part of Västerbotten and Jämtland Counties. Heraldry The heraldic description of the arms of Ångermanland is: ''Azure three Salmons naiant Argent finned Gules, the middle one counternaiant'', which heraldic meaning is that the rivers have spaw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
