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1701 In Science
The year 1701 in science and technology involved some significant events. Earth sciences * Edmond Halley's ''General Chart of the Variation of the Compass'' is first published, the first to show magnetic declination (in the Atlantic Ocean) and the first on which isogonic, or Halleyan, lines appear. Medicine * Italian physician Giacomo Pylarini inoculates children with smallpox in Constantinople, in hopes of preventing more serious smallpox sickness when the children are older, thus becoming the first immunologist. Physics * Joseph Sauveur coins the French word ''acoustique'', from which the English word ''acoustics'' is derived. Sauveur's original work was titled "Principes d’acoustique et de musique". Technology * The seed drill, invented by Jethro Tull, allows farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. * Sir Isaac Newton, reporting (anonymously) to the British Royal Society, describes creation of a liquid-in-glass thermometer that is 3 ft (1 m) lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seed Drill
A seed drill is a device used in agriculture that sows seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth while being dragged by a tractor. This ensures that seeds will be distributed evenly. The seed drill sows the seeds at the proper seeding rate and depth, ensuring that the seeds are covered by soil. This saves them from being eaten by birds and animals, or being dried up due to exposure to the sun. With seed drill machines, seeds are distributed in rows; this allows plants to get sufficient sunlight, nutrients, and water from the soil. Before the introduction of the seed drill, most seeds were planted by hand broadcasting, an imprecise and wasteful process with a poor distribution of seeds and low productivity. Use of a seed drill can improve the ratio of crop yield (seeds harvested per seed planted) by as much as nine times. The use of seed drill saves time and labor. Some machines for metering out seeds for planting are called planters. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1761 In Science
The year 1761 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * June 6 – The first transit of Venus since Edmond Halley suggested that its observation could determine the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Joseph-Nicolas Delisle set up a 62-station network for observing the transit. Those taking part included: ** Nathaniel Bliss at the Royal Greenwich Observatory near London ** César Cassini de Thury in Vienna ** Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche in Tobolsk, Siberia ** Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason in Cape Town, South Africa (they had originally planned to go to Bengcoolen, Sumatra) ** Maximilian Hell in Vardø, Norway ** Joseph de Lalande in Paris ** Tobias Mayer in Göttingen ** Nevil Maskelyne on Saint Helena ** Alexandre Pingré on Rodrigues Island (where he makes the last record of the Rodrigues parrot) ** John Winthrop in St. John's, Newfoundland ** Mikhail Lomonosov, who finds the first evidence that the planet has an atmosphere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Bayes
Thomas Bayes ( ; 1701 7 April 1761) was an English statistician, philosopher and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes' theorem. Bayes never published what would become his most famous accomplishment; his notes were edited and published posthumously by Richard Price. Biography Thomas Bayes was the son of London Presbyterian minister Joshua Bayes, and was possibly born in Hertfordshire. He came from a prominent Nonconformist (Protestantism), nonconformist family from Sheffield. In 1719, he enrolled at the University of Edinburgh to study logic and theology. On his return around 1722, he assisted his father at the latter's chapel in London before moving to Royal Tunbridge Wells, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, around 1734. There he was minister of the Mount Sion Chapel, until 1752. He is known to have published two works in his lifetime, one theological and one mathematical: #''Divine Benevolence, or an Attempt to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1744 In Science
The year 1744 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Great Comet of 1744, first sighted in 1743, remains visible until April (perihelion about March 1). Cartography * César-François Cassini de Thury publishes a new triangulated map of France. Earth sciences * Susanna Drury's illustrations of the Giant's Causeway in northern Ireland are engraved by François Vivares in London (1743–4), bringing the rock formation to wide European notice. Mathematics * Leonhard Euler discovers the catenoid and proves it to be a minimal surface. Medicine * By July – Northampton General Hospital established as Northampton Infirmary in England. Awards * Copley Medal: Henry Baker Births * March 7 - Jean-Baptiste Dumangin, French physician (died 1826) * June 22 – Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben, German naturalist (died 1777) * August 1 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French naturalist (died 1829) * August 16 – Pierre Méchain, French astronomer (died 180 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anders Celsius
Anders Celsius (; 27 November 170125 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in 1742 proposed (an inverted form of) the Centigrade temperature scale which was later renamed Celsius in his honour. Early life and education Anders Celsius was born in Uppsala, Sweden, on 27 November 1701. His family originated from Ovanåker in the province of Hälsingland. Their family estate was at ''Doma'', also known as ''Höjen'' or ''Högen'' (locally as ''Högen 2''). The name ''Celsius'' is a latinization of the estate's name (Latin ''celsus'' "mound"). As the son of an astronomy professor, Nils Celsius, nephew of botanist Olof Celsius and the grandson of the mathematician Magnus Celsius and the astronomer Anders Spole, Celsius chose a career i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1782 In Science
The year 1782 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Aviation * December 14 – The Montgolfier brothers first test fly a hot air balloon; it floats nearly . Biology * Jesuit abbot Juan Ignacio Molina publishes ''Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili'' in Spain, the first account of the natural history of his native Chile, describing many species to science for the first time (e.g., ''Araucaria araucana''). Chemistry * Telluride minerals are first discovered in a gold mine in Zlatna, Kleinschlatten, Transylvania (modern-day Zlatna, Romania) by Austrians, Austrian Mineralogy, mineralogist Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein. * Winter 1782–83 – Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace begin to use the world's first ice calorimeter to determine the heat evolved in various chemical changes (calculations based on Joseph Black's prior discovery of latent heat), marking the foundation of thermochemistry. Medicine * September – Notting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Emerson (mathematician)
William Emerson (14 May 1701 – 20 May 1782) was an England, English mathematician. He was born in Hurworth, near Darlington, where his father, Dudley Emerson, also a mathematician, taught a school. Biography William himself had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate, County Durham, Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. In ''The Principles of Mechanics'' (1754) he shows a wind-powered vehicle in which the vertically mounted propeller gives direct power to the front wheels via a system of cogs. In mechanics he never advanced a proposition which he had not previously tested in practice, nor published an invention without first proving its effects by a mode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1774 In Science
The year 1774 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Johann Elert Bode discovers the galaxy Messier 81. * Joseph Louis Lagrange, Lagrange publishes a paper on the motion of the nodes of a planet's orbit. Biology * Italians, Italian physicist Abbé Bonaventura Corti publishes ''Osservazioni microscopiche sulla tremella e sulla circulazione del fluido in una pianta acquajuola'' in Lucca, including his discovery of cyclosis in plant cells. * French people, French physician Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, Antoine Parmentier publishes ''Examen chymique des pommes de terres'' in Paris, analysing the nutritional value of the potato. Chemistry * August 1 – Joseph Priestley, working at Bowood House, Wiltshire, England, isolates oxygen in the form of a gas, which he calls "dephlogisticated air". * Antoine Lavoisier publishes his first book, a literature review on the composition of air, ''Opuscules physiques et chimiques''. * Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Marie De La Condamine
Charles Marie de La Condamine (28 January 1701 – 4 February 1774) was a French explorer, geographer, and mathematician. He spent ten years in territory which is now Ecuador, measuring the length of a degree of latitude at the equator and preparing the first map of the Amazon region based on astro-geodetic observations. Furthermore he was a contributor to the ''Encyclopédie''.'' Biography Charles Marie de La Condamine was born in Paris as a son of well-to-do parents, Charles de La Condamine and Louise Marguerite Chourses. He studied at the Collège Louis-le-Grand where he was trained in humanities as well as in mathematics. After finishing his studies, he enlisted in the army and fought in the war against Spain (1719). After returning from the war, he became acquainted with scientific circles in Paris. On 12 December 1730 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences and was appointed Assistant Chemist at the Academy. In 1729 La Condamine and his friend Voltaire exploited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linseed Oil
Linseed oil, also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil (in its edible form), is a colourless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (''Linum usitatissimum''). The oil is obtained by pressing, sometimes followed by solvent extraction. Owing to its polymer-forming properties, linseed oil is often blended with combinations of other oils, resins or solvents as an impregnator, drying oil finish or varnish in wood finishing, as a pigment binder in oil paints, as a plasticizer and hardener in putty, and in the manufacture of linoleum. Linseed oil use has declined over the past several decades with increased availability of synthetic alkyd resins—which function similarly but resist yellowing. Linseed oil is an edible oil in demand as a dietary supplement, as a source of α-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. In parts of Europe, it is traditionally eaten with potatoes and quark. Structure and composition : 450px, Representative triglyceride found ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermometer
A thermometer is a device that temperature measurement, measures temperature or a temperature gradient (the degree of hotness or coldness of an object). A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change occurs with a change in temperature; and (2) some means of converting this change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers are widely used in technology and industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine, and in scientific research. History While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. Today there is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internationally agreed temperature scales are designed to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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