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Thermometer
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature (the hotness or coldness of an object) or temperature gradient (the rates of change of temperature in space). A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change occurs with a change in temperature; and (2) some means of converting this change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers are widely used in technology and industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine (''medical thermometer''), and in scientific research. A standard scale While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. Today there is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medical Thermometer
A medical thermometer or clinical thermometer is a device used for Temperature examination, measuring the body temperature of a human or other animal. The tip of the thermometer is inserted into the mouth under the tongue (''oral'' or ''sub-lingual temperature''), under the underarm, armpit (''axillary temperature''), into the rectum via the anus (''rectal temperature''), into the ear (''tympanic temperature''), or on the forehead (''temporal temperature''). History The medical thermometer began as an instrument more appropriately called a water thermoscope, constructed by Galileo Galilei circa 1592–1593. It lacked an accurate scale with which to measure temperature and could be affected by changes in atmospheric pressure. Italians, Italian physician Santorio Santorio is the first known individual to have put a measurable scale on the thermoscope and wrote of it in 1625, though he possibly invented one as early as 1612. His models were bulky, impractical and took a fair amoun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infrared Thermometer
An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called black-body radiation emitted by the object being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers as a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns, to describe the device's ability to measure temperature from a distance. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined within a certain range of its actual temperature. Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as "thermal radiation thermometers". Sometimes, especially near ambient temperatures, readings may be subject to error due to the reflection of radiation from a hotter body, or due to an incorrectly assumed emissivity. The design essentially consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation on to a detector, which converts the radiant power to an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timeline Of Temperature And Pressure Measurement Technology
This is a timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology or the history of temperature measurement and pressure measurement technology. Timeline 1500s * 1592–1593 — Galileo Galilei builds a device showing variation of hotness known as the thermoscope using the contraction of air to draw water up a tube. 1600s * 1612 — Santorio Sanctorius makes the first thermometer for medical use. * 1617 — Giuseppe Biancani published the first clear diagram of a thermoscope * 1624 — The word thermometer (in its French form) first appeared in ''La Récréation Mathématique'' by Jean Leurechon, who describes one with a scale of 8 degrees. * 1629 — Joseph Solomon Delmedigo describes in a book an accurate sealed-glass thermometer that uses brandy * 1638 — Robert Fludd the first thermoscope showing a scale and thus constituting a thermometer. * 1643 — Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer * 1654 — Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Temperature Scale Of 1990
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is an equipment calibration standard specified by the CIPM, International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) for making measurements on the Kelvin and Degree Celsius, Celsius temperature scales. It is an approximation of thermodynamic temperature that facilitates the comparability and compatibility of temperature measurements internationally. It defines fourteen calibration points ranging from to ( to ) and is subdivided into multiple temperature ranges which overlap in some instances. ITS-90 is the most recent of a series of International Temperature Scales adopted by the CIPM since 1927. Adopted at the 1989 General Conference on Weights and Measures, it supersedes the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (amended edition of 1975) and the 1976 "Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale". The CCT has also published several online guidebooks to aid realisations of the ITS-90. The lowest temperature covered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temperature Measurement
Temperature measurement (also known as thermometry) describes the process of measuring a current temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends. History Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17th century were crude at best. For instance in 170 AD, physician Claudius Galenus mixed equal portions of ice and boiling water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 1600s including Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in temperature, but subject also to confounding with atmospheric pressure changes. These early devices were called thermoscopes. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II. The development of today's thermometers and temperature scales began in the early 18th century, when Daniel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Leurechon
Jean Leurechon (c. 1591 – 17 January 1670) was a French Jesuit priest, astronomer, and mathematician, known for inventing the pigeonhole principle and naming the thermometer. Life Leurechon was born in Bar-le-Duc where his father, also named Jean Leurechon, was a physician to the List of rulers of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine. He sent Leurechon to be educated at the Jesuit university in Pont-à-Mousson but, learning of Leurechon's desire to take holy orders and wishing him instead to become a physician, brought him back to Bar-le-Duc. In 1609 Leurechon ran away from home to return to the Jesuits, and the story goes that this so enraged his mother that she took up a dagger and attempted to assassinate the head of the local Jesuit order. His father appealed to the parliament in Paris, which had jurisdiction over Pont-à-Mousson, and Leurechon was returned again to Bar-le-Duc, where the Duke ordered Leurechon to be held at the convent of the Minims (religious order), Minims in Nancy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Hasler
Johann Hasler (born 1548, died after 1602), also known as Haslerus, was a 16th-century Swiss theologian and physician. He is known for his association with a group of antitrinitarians including Johann Sylvan and Adam Neuser and for developing Galen's concept of heat and cold into the idea of a scale of temperature. Biography Johann Hasler was born in December 1548 at Oberdiessbach in the canton of Bern. After attending the municipal school he studied at the University of Basel (1565–1568), and then the University of Heidelberg where he arrived in the Summer of 1568. While in Heidelberg he was in contact with Thomas Erastus and Johann Sylvan. His assistance to Sylvan, including acting as a courier and transcribing manuscripts led to his arrest and imprisonment in 1570 on suspicion of complicity. As it was judged that he was acting in ignorance, he was recalled to Bern, where he presented a written confession and received a caution. Sylvan was later executed for heresy. Hasler ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scale Of Temperature
Scale of temperature is a methodology of calibrating the physical quantity temperature in metrology. Empirical scales measure temperature in relation to convenient and stable parameters or reference points, such as the freezing and boiling point of water. Absolute temperature is based on thermodynamic principles: using the lowest possible temperature as the zero point, and selecting a convenient incremental unit. Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit are common temperature scales. Other scales used throughout history include Rankine, Rømer, Newton, Delisle, Réaumur, Gas mark, Leiden, and Wedgwood. Technical definition The zeroth law of thermodynamics describes thermal equilibrium between thermodynamic systems in form of an equivalence relation. Accordingly, the set of all thermal systems may be divided into a quotient set of equivalence classes, denoted as M, where any element of M collects all systems that are in thermal equilibrium with one another. If the set M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferdinando II De' Medici, Grand Duke Of Tuscany
Ferdinando II de' Medici (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was Grand Duchy of Tuscany, grand duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670. He was the eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici and Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria, Maria Maddalena of Austria. Remembered by his contemporaries as a man of culture and science, he actively participated in the Accademia del Cimento, the first official scientific society in Italy, formed by his younger brother, Leopoldo de' Medici. His 49-year rule was punctuated by the beginning of Tuscany's long economic decline, which was further exacerbated by his successor, Cosimo III de' Medici. He married Vittoria della Rovere, a first cousin, with whom he had two children who reached adulthood: the aforementioned Cosimo III, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, a Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal. Reign Ferdinando was only 10 years of age when his father Cosimo II died. Because he had n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermodynamic Temperature
Thermodynamic temperature, also known as absolute temperature, is a physical quantity which measures temperature starting from absolute zero, the point at which particles have minimal thermal motion. Thermodynamic temperature is typically expressed using the Kelvin scale, where the unit of measurement is the ''kelvin'' (unit symbol: K). The Kelvin scale uses the same degree interval as the Celsius scale but is offset so that 0 K corresponds to absolute zero. For comparison, a temperature of 295 K corresponds to 21.85 °C and 71.33 °F. Another absolute scale of temperature is the Rankine scale, which is based on the Fahrenheit degree interval. Historically, thermodynamic temperature was defined by Lord Kelvin in terms of a macroscopic relation between Work (thermodynamics), thermodynamic work and Heat, heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was redefined by international agreement in 2019 in terms of phenomena that are now understood as man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sensible Heat
Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body or system, and some macroscopic variables of the body or system, but leaves unchanged certain other macroscopic variables of the body or system, such as volume or pressure. Usage The term is used in contrast to a latent heat, which is the amount of heat exchanged that is hidden, meaning it occurs without change of temperature. For example, during a phase change such as the melting of ice, the temperature of the system containing the ice and the liquid is constant until all ice has melted. Latent and sensible heat are complementary terms. The sensible heat of a thermodynamic process may be calculated as the product of the body's mass (''m'') with its specific heat capacity (''c'') and the change in temperature (\Delta T): : Q_ = m c \Delta T \, . ''Sensible heat'' and ''latent heat'' are not special forms of energy. Rather, they describe exchanges ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barometer
A barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface Trough (meteorology), troughs, pressure systems and weather front, frontal boundaries. Barometers and pressure altimeters (the most basic and common type of altimeter) are essentially the same instrument, but used for different purposes. An altimeter is intended to be used at different levels matching the corresponding atmospheric pressure to the altitude, while a barometer is kept at the same level and measures subtle pressure changes caused by weather and elements of weather. The average atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface varies between 940 and 1040 hPa (mbar). The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013 hPa (mbar). Etymology The word ''wikt:barometer, barometer'' is derived from the Ancient Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
