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1623 In Science
The year 1623 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * July 16 – Great conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, the closest together the two planets come until 2020. Biology * Apple orchard at Grönsö Manor in Sweden planted; it will still be productive into the 21st century. Psychology * Erotomania is first mentioned in a psychiatric treatise. Technology * Wilhelm Schickard draws a calculating clock on a letter to Kepler. This will be the first of five unsuccessful attempts at designing a ''direct entry'' calculating clock in the 17th century (including the designs of Tito Burattini, Samuel Morland and René Grillet). Births * June 19 – Blaise Pascal, French mathematician and physicist (died 1662) * July 12 – Elizabeth Walker, English pharmacist (died 1690) * August 26 – Johann Sigismund Elsholtz, German naturalist and physician (died 1688) * September 1 – Caspar Schamberger, German surgeon and merchant (died 1706) * September 23 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1662 In Science
The year 1662 in science and technology involved some significant events. Botany * February 16 – John Evelyn presents the basic text of his '' Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber'' to the College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning, probably the earliest treatise on forestry (it is published in book form in 1664). Chemistry * First attempt to manufacture graphite drawing sticks from powdered graphite (mixed with sulphur and antimony), in Nuremberg, Germany. Physics * Robert Boyle publishes Boyle's law, in the second edition of his ''New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching The Spring of the Air, and its Effects'' (Oxford). Statistics * John Graunt, in one of the earliest uses of statistics, publishes information about births and deaths in London. Events * July 15 – The Royal Society of London receives its royal charter. Robert Hooke becomes its Curator of Experiments this year. Births * December 13 – Fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinologist
Sinology, or Chinese studies, is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of China primarily through Chinese philosophy, language, literature, culture and history and often refers to Western scholarship. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization." The field of sinology was historically seen to be equivalent to the application of philology to China and until the 20th century was generally seen as meaning "Chinese philology" (language and literature). Sinology has broadened in modern times to include Chinese history, epigraphy and other subjects. Terminology The terms "sinology" and "sinologist" were coined around 1838 and use "sino-", derived from Late Latin ''Sinae'' from the Greek ''Sinae'', from the Arabic ''Sin'' which in turn may derive from ''Qin'', as in the Qin dynasty. In the context of area studies, the European and the American usages may differ. In Europe, Sinology is usually known as ''Chinese Studies'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jesuit
, image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders = , founding_location = , type = Order of clerics regular of pontifical right (for men) , headquarters = Generalate:Borgo S. Spirito 4, 00195 Roma-Prati, Italy , coords = , region_served = Worldwide , num_members = 14,839 members (includes 10,721 priests) as of 2020 , leader_title = Motto , leader_name = la, Ad Majorem Dei GloriamEnglish: ''For the Greater Glory of God'' , leader_title2 = Superior General , leader_name2 = Fr. Arturo Sosa, SJ , leader_title3 = Patron saints , leader_name3 = , leader_title4 = Ministry , leader_name4 = Missionary, educational, literary works , main_organ = La Civiltà Cattolica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flemish People
The Flemish or Flemings ( nl, Vlamingen ) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Dutch. Flemish people make up the majority of Belgians, at about 60%. "''Flemish''" was historically a geographical term, as all inhabitants of the medieval County of Flanders in modern-day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands were referred to as "Flemings", irrespective of their ethnicity or language. The contemporary region of Flanders comprises a part of this historical county, as well as parts of the medieval duchy of Brabant and the medieval county of Loon, where the modern national identity and culture gradually formed. History The sense of "Flemish" identity increased significantly after the Belgian Revolution. Prior to this, the term "Vlamingen" in the Dutch language was in first place used for the inhabitants of the former County of Flanders. Flemish, however, had been used since the 14th century to refer to the language and dialects of both the peoples of Fl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferdinand Verbiest
Father Ferdinand Verbiest (9 October 1623 – 28 January 1688) was a Flemish Jesuit missionary in China during the Qing dynasty. He was born in Pittem near Tielt in the County of Flanders (now part of Belgium). He is known as Nan Huairen () in Chinese. He was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer and proved to the court of the Kangxi Emperor that European astronomy was more accurate than Chinese astronomy. He then corrected the Chinese calendar and was later asked to rebuild and re-equip the Beijing Ancient Observatory, being given the role of Head of the Mathematical Board and Director of the Observatory. He became close friends with the Kangxi Emperor, who frequently requested his teaching in geometry, philosophy and music. Verbiest worked as a diplomat, cartographer, and translator; he spoke Latin, German language, German, Dutch language, Dutch, Spanish language, Spanish, Hebrew language, Hebrew, Italian language, Italian and Manchu language, Manchu. He wrote more than t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1687 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1687 The year 1687 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * The constellation ''Triangulum Minus'' is named by Johannes Hevelius. Biology * Alida Withoos at the house of Agnes Block makes a painting of the first pineapple bred in Europe. Medicine * Dutch physician Willem ten Rhijne publishes ''Verhandelinge van de Asiatise Melaatsheid na een naaukeuriger ondersoek ten dienste van het gemeen'' in Amsterdam, explaining Asian leprosy to the West. Physics * July 5 – Isaac Newton's ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'', known as the ''Principia'', is published by the Royal Society of London. In it, Newton describes his theory of universal gravitation, explains the laws of mechanics (including Newton's laws of motion), gives a formula for the speed of sound and demonstrates that Earth is an oblate spheroid. The concepts in the ''Principia'' become the foundations of modern physics. Births * October 14 – Robert Simson ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georg Balthasar Metzger
Georg Balthasar Metzger (23 September 1623 – 9 October 1687) was a German physician and scientist notable as one of the four founding members of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Schweinfurt. Biography He was born in Schweinfurt. In 1646 Metzger obtained the Magister Artium degree from the University of Jena under Gottfried Möbius with a thesis entitled: ''Suppressionem mensium''. In 1650, he obtained his medical doctorate from the University of Basel under Johann Jakob von Brunn with a thesis entitled: Disputatio medica inauguralis de catarrho suffocativo'' In 1661 Metzger was appointed to the University of Tübingen by Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (1614–74) to improve its teaching of anatomy and surgery. From 1681 to 1688 he also directed the university's ''Hortus medicus'', which has subsequently evolved into the Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen. In 1688 its direction passed to Metzer's student, Rudolf Jacob Camerer. Metzger was Lutheran. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1706 In Science
The year 1706 in science and technology involved some significant events. Mathematics * William Jones (mathematician), William Jones publishe''Synopsis palmariorum matheseos or, A New Introduction to the Mathematics, Containing the Principles of Arithmetic and Geometry Demonstrated in a Short and Easie Method ... Designed for ... Beginners''in which he ** proposes using the symbol π (the Greek language, Greek letter ''Pi (letter), pi'', as an abbreviation for ''perimeter'') to represent Pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. ** introduces John Machin's quickly converging inverse-tangent series for π (pi), enabling it to be computed to 100 decimal places. Technology * Francis Hauksbee produces his 'Influence machine' to generate static electricity. Publications * Johann Jakob Scheuchzer begins publication in Zürich of his ''Beschreibung der Naturgeschichten des Schweitzerlands'' giving an account of the natural history and geology of Switzerland. * Gio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caspar Schamberger
Caspar Schamberger (1 September 1623 in Leipzig, Germany – 8 April 1706) was a German surgeon. His name represents the first school of Western medicine in Japan and the beginning of ''rangaku'', or Dutch studies. Schamberger grew up in war-torn Saxony. In 1637 he started studying surgery under the master surgeon of the surgeons guild in his native town of Leipzig. Three years late he finished his education and started traveling through Northern Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands. In 1643 he joined the Dutch East India Company (VOC), signing a contract for four years of service. Schamberger left Europe in the same year aboard the ''Eiland Mauritius'', but the ship wrecked four months later near the Cape of Good Hope. In July 1644 Schamberger finally arrived in Batavia, the administrative center of the expanding Dutch colonial empire. The next few years he worked as a ship surgeon, visiting Portuguese Goa, Ceylon, Gamron and Kismis (Persia), to return to Batavia again ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1688 In Science
The year 1688 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy * The constellation ''Sceptrum Brandenburgicum'' is named by Gottfried Kirch. Exploration * A French people, French Jesuit scientific mission led by Jean de Fontaney arrives in China. Mathematics * Simon de la Loubère introduces the Siamese method for constructing any size of ''n''-odd magic square to Western Europe. Technology * Earliest known mention of the balalaika. Births * January 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedes, Swedish scientist and theologian (died 1772 in science, 1772) * April 4 – Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French people, French astronomer (died 1768 in science, 1768) * August 14 – Johann Leonhard Rost, Germans, German astronomer (died 1727 in science, 1727) * September 26 – Willem 's Gravesande, Dutch people, Dutch polymath (died 1742 in science, 1742) * November 15 – Louis Bertrand Castel, French Jesuit mathematician and physicist (died 1757 in sci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Sigismund Elsholtz
Johann Sigismund Elsholtz (August 26, 1623 – February 28, 1688), (some sources mention his day of birth as August 28, and his death on February 19) was a German naturalist who was a native of Frankfurt an der Oder. Biography Johann Sigismund Elsholtz studied at the Universities of Wittenberg, Königsberg and Padua, where he received his doctorate in 1653. He was appointed court botanist, alchemist and physician to Elector Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg (1620-1688), and in 1657 was put in charge of Friedrich Wilhelm's botanical gardens at Berlin, Potsdam and Oranienburg. In 1654, he published ''Anthropometria'', an early study of anthropometry. This book was written for the benefit of artists and astrologers, as well as for students of medicine and physiognomy. It examines the perceived relationship between proportions of the human body and the incidence of disease. Elsholtz was a pioneer in the fields of hygiene and nutrition, and in his writings on holistic health, he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
