Yugra

Yugra or Yugor Land (Russian: Югра, Югорский край; also spelled Iuhra in contemporary sources) was a collective name for lands and peoples in the region east of the northern Ural Mountains in modern Russia given by Russian chroniclers in the 12th to 17th centuries. During this period, the region was inhabited by the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) peoples.

In a modern context, the term Yugra generally refers to a political constituent of the Russian Federation formally known as Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, located in the lands historically known as Ioughoria. In modern Russian, this word is rendered "Югория" (Yugoriya), and is used as a poetic synonym of the region.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the similarity between Yugria (the latinized form of the name) and ugry, an Old Russian ethnonym for the Hungarians, was noted by scholars such as Maciej Miechowita. The modern name of the Ugric languages, which includes Khanty and Mansi together with Hungarian, was also adopted on the assumption that the two words share a common origin. However, even though the linguistic connection between the Ugric languages is well established, the etymological connection between Yugra and ugry is disputed. András Róna-Tas has suggested that the name Yugria is related to the 10th–11th century ethnic name Ugur, whereas the Hungarian ethnonym derives from On Ugur ('ten Oghurs').

The Ugric languages are considered a branch of the Uralic language family. Contemporary research locates the Urheimat of the Uralic language family to northeastern Siberia. These early Uralic speakers first dispersed to the Altai-Sayan region before their migration to Western Siberia.