Sind

The first settled life in South Asia emerged around Sindh and Punjab 9,000 years ago along the Indus river basin, which gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation. The Aryans migrated from Central Asia after 2000 BCE as the Indus Valley Civilisation gradually declined. Around 1000 BCE, the Indo-Aryan kingdom of Sindhu-Sauvīra emerged in Sindh which lasted until 518 BCE when the Achaemenids captured the region, followed by the Macedonians, the Mauryans, the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians, the Guptas, and finally the Sasanians in the 3rd century CE. Sindh emerged as an independent kingdom under the Rai dynasty in the 5th century, which was succeeded by the Chach dynasty in the 7th century. The Muslims conquered Sindh in 712 CE under the Umayyad Caliphate and established it as a caliphal province — laying the foundations of the Muslim period in South Asia, which lasted over a millennia.