Periodical cicada

Notes

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2. ^ 2021.
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6. ^
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10. ^ . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 1, 2012.
11. ^ 2794. ISBN . Archived from the original on June 24, 2016.
12. ^ 2011.
13. ^ 2021.
14. Miller, Korin (March 24, 2021). "How to Prepare for a Swarm of Cicadas This Year—and Why You Should Never Kill Them". Prevention. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021 2021.
15. West Virginia University (July 27, 2020). "Return of the zombie cicadas: Manipulative qualities of fungal-infected flyers". Science Daily. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021 2021.
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17. ^ 2021.
18. Raupp, Michael J. (May 15, 2013). "Brood II Up In Maryland, Magicicada spp."Bug Of The Week. University of Maryland Extension 2021.
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29. ^ 8979. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.8975T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900215106. PMC 2690011. PMID 19451640.
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32. ^ 2009.
33. ^ 2025. The egg laying activity of female cicadas may also affect mast crops (nuts, acorns) which reduces food for squirrels. It is noted that Eastern gray squirrel populations often decline after a cicada cycle.
34. ^ 2021 – via Internet Archive.
35. ^ 2021 – via Internet Archive.
36. ^ 14. OCLC 902809085 2021 – via Internet Archive.
37. ^
38. ^ 2021.
39. ^
40. ^ 2024.
41. ^ 2024.
42. ^ 2024. The northern Illinois brood, which will emerge in late May 2024, has a reputation for the largest emergence of cicadas known anywhere. This is due to the size of the emergence and the research and subsequent reporting over the years by entomologists Monte Lloyd and Henry Dybas at the Field Museum in Chicago. During the 1956 emergence, they counted an average of 311 nymphal emergence holes per square yard of ground in a forested floodplain near Chicago. This translates to 1½ million cicadas per acre. In upland sites, they recorded 27 emergence holes per square yard, translating to about 133,000 per acre. This number is more typical of emergence numbers but is still a tremendous number of insects. .... 2020 | Northern Illinois Sub-Brood (part of Marlatt's XIII)
43. ^ 2024. Brood XIX is arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, with records along the east coast from Maryland to Georgia and in the Midwest from Iowa to Oklahoma.
44. ^ 2021 – via Internet Archive.
45. ^ 2011.
46. ^ 2022.
47. ^ 2024.
48. ^ 2024. Typically cicadas with a 17-year life cycle will emerge 4 years early, and cicadas with a 13-year cycle will emerge 4 years late.
49. ^ 2024.
50. ^ 2024. Both Brood XIX and XIII exist in Macon, Sangamon, Livingston and Logan counties in Illinois. The easily accessible place they come closest to overlapping is Springfield, Illinois, which is in Sangamon County.
51. Schuster, James; Nixon, Philip. "Timed to perfection: Cicada's biological clock determines emergence". Insects: Cicadas. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences: Illinois Extension. Archived from the original on March 10, 2024 2024. The northern Illinois brood, which will emerge in late May 2024, has a reputation for the largest emergence of cicadas known anywhere. This is due to the size of the emergence and the research and subsequent reporting over the years by entomologists Monte Lloyd and Henry Dybas at the Field Museum in Chicago. During the 1956 emergence, they counted an average of 311 nymphal emergence holes per square yard of ground in a forested floodplain near Chicago. This translates to 1½ million cicadas per acre. In upland sites, they recorded 27 emergence holes per square yard, translating to about 133,000 per acre. This number is more typical of emergence numbers but is still a tremendous number of insects.
52. "The 2024 Periodical Cicada Emergence". Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages. Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024 2024. In 2024, 13-year Brood XIX, which is the largest of all periodical cicada broods, will co-emerge with 17-year Brood XIII; these two broods are adjacent (but not significantly overlapping) in north-central Illinois.
53. "Brood XIX: The Great Southern Brood". Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages. Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut. February 21, 2017. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024 2024. Brood XIX is arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, with records along the east coast from Maryland to Georgia and in the Midwest from Iowa to Oklahoma.
54. ^ 2024. Brood XIX and Brood XIII will both emerge this spring. The last time these bugs showed up at the same time in the United States, Thomas Jefferson was president. After this spring, it'll be another 221 years before the broods, which are geographically adjacent, appear together again.
55. Matthews, Carys (May 29, 2024). "Cicada double brood event: What to expect as trillions of bugs emerge in Eastern US". Live Science. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024 2024. Billions, even trillions, of cicadas are going to emerge at the same time across 17 states," Chris Simon, a professor at UConn's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and one of the scientists who runs the database told Life Science. ... Despite the huge volumes of insects set to emerge, the co-emergence of Brood XIII and XIX likely won't look much different from other periodical cicada emergences. That's because, for the most part, they won't emerge from the same locations. There's only a small woodland area in Springfield, Illinois, where the two broods may co-emerge. "The broods won't overlap significantly due to the latitudinal spread involved," John Cooley, founder of the Periodical Cicada Project and a professor in UConn's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, told Live Science. .... It is a rare occurrence for two specific periodical broods of different life cycles to emerge at the same time and overrlap in location. "The co-emergence of any two broods of different cycles is rare, because the cycles are both prime numbers," Cooley said. "Any given 13- and 17-year broods will only co-emerge once every 13 x 17 = 221 years." Despite their geographic proximity, the two broods have not emerged at the same time for 221 years, although many other 13-year and 17-year broods have appeared in the same year. "2015 was the last time a 13-year brood emerged with a 17-year brood, when Brood XXIII emerged with Brood IV. However, the two broods weren't geographically close," Simon told Live Science. "Similarly, adjacent Brood IV and Brood XIX both appeared in 1998 but, again, weren't close.
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57. ^ 2021.
58. ^ 2011.
59. ^ 245. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5125.2.8. PMID 36101217. S2CID 248041307. [open access]
60. ^ 3342. Bibcode:2017MolEc..26.3330T. doi:10.1111/mec.14126. PMID 28370658. S2CID 46852358.
61. Marshall, D. C.; Cooley, J. R. (2000). "Reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of new species, 13-year Magicicada neotredecem". Evolution. 54 (4): 1313–1325. Bibcode:2000Evolu..54.1313M. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00564.x. hdl:2027.42/73691. PMID 11005298. S2CID 28276015.
62. Simon, C.; Tang, J.; Dalwadi, S.; Staley, G.; Deniega, J.; Unnasch, T. R. (2000). "Genetic evidence for assortative mating between 13-year cicadas and sympatric '17-year cicadas with 13-year life cycles' provides support for allochronic speciation". Evolution. 54 (4): 1326–1336. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00565.x. PMID 11005299. S2CID 19105047.
63. ^ 6924. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.6919S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1220060110. PMC 3637745. PMID 23509294.
64. ^ 2021.
65. ^ . American Entomologist. 55 (2): 106–112. doi:10.1093/ae/55.2.106. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 26, 2011.
66. ^ 2021.
67. ^ 2021. To date, we have surveyed and mapped over 10,000 localities within periodical cicada emergences, using detailed base maps and GPS technology, such as the custom GPS datalogger ... .
68. ^ 2021. You can report periodical cicadas using the Cicada Safari App, available on the Google Play Store or the Apple Store.
69. "Mapping Techniques". Cicadas. University of Connecticut. May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021 2021.
70. ^ 955. PMID 16195693. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023 2024.
71. Keith, David; Karstens, Sandi Alswager (May 2, 2005). "Itch Mites Are Back, Entomologist Warns". IANR News Story. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska - Lincoln: Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007.
72. Keith, David; Moser, Dan (July 15, 2005). "Itch Mite Population About to Increase, Entomologist Warns". IANR News Story. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska - Lincoln: Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on May 9, 2006.
73. Broce, Alberto B.; Zurek, Ludek; Kalisch, James A.; et al. (May 2006). "Pyemotes herfsi (Acari: Pyemotidae), a Mite New to North America as the Cause of Bite Outbreaks"(PDF). Journal of Medical Entomology. 43 (3): 610–613. doi:10.1093/jmedent/43.3.610. PMID 16739423. Archived(PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024 2024.
74. "Mite invasion tied to cicada cycle". Chicago Tribune. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024 2024.First report of Pyemotes herfsi parasitism on periodical cicada eggs.
75. Broce, Alberto B.; Kalisch, James (October 2007). "Oak leaf itch mite"(PDF). Pests That Affect Human Health. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. MF-2806. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 16, 2011.
76. Zaborski, Edmond R. (May 20, 2008). "2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi (Oudemans, 1936) (Acarina: Heterostigmata: Pyemotidae". Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey. NHS Technical Report 2008 (17). Archived from the original on January 28, 2024 2024.
77. Zaborski, Edmond R. (May 20, 2008). "Itch Mite Update: Conclusions from "2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi": Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report 2008 (17)". Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Department of Public Health. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022 2024.
78. Cloyd, Raymond (November 3, 2016). "Oak Leaf Itch Mite". Extension Entomology. Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas State University Department of Entomology. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020 2024.
79. Wilder, Drew (July 30, 2021). "Mysterious, Nasty Bug Bites Stump Arlington Health Officials". NBC4 Washington. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023 2024.Contains 1:38 minute video showing images and descriptions of Pyemotes herfsi bites.
80. Silverman, Ellie (July 30, 2021). "Oak-mite bites: Cicadas may have left D.C. region an itchy gift". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C 2024.
81. Shrewsbury, Paula (August 13, 2021). "Oak Leaf Itch Mites and Periodical Cicada Eggs". University of Maryland Extension. University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023 2024.
82. ^ . Scientific Reports. 8 (1432). Springer Nature: 1432. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1432C. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5780379. PMID 29362478. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021 2021.
83. ^
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86. ^ 2025 – via Library of Congress. Facsimile reproduction of original edition: "New-Englands MEMORIALL: OR, A brief relation of the most Memorable and Remarkable passages of the Providence of God, manifested to the PLANTERS of New-England in America; with special Reference to the first Colony thereof, Called New-Plimouth: As also a Nomination of divers of the most Eminent Instruments deceased, both of Church and Common-wealth, improve in the first beginning and after-progress of sundry and respective Jurisdictions in those Parts; in reference unto sundry Exemplary Passages of their LIVES, and the time of their DEATH.: Published for the Use and Benefit of present and future Generations by NATHANIAL MORTON. Secretary of the Court for the Jurisdiction of New-Plimouth." . Cambridge, Massachusetts: S.G. and M.J. [i.e, Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson] for John Usher of Boston. 1669. LCCN 03017519. OCLC 85792540.
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• Marlatt, C. L. (1898). "The Periodical Cicada: An Account of Cicada Septendecim, Its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, Together with a Summary of the Distribution of the Different Broods". United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology Bulletin. 14, New Series (The Periodical Cicada in Literature). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office: 112—118. OCLC 902809085 2021 – via Internet Archive.
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88. ^ 2025 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
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90. ^ 2021 – via Google Books. Moreover, the first time the Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year cycle in his paper.
91. ^ 2021 – via Google Books.
92. Barton, Benjamin Smith, ed. (1805). "On the Locust of North America: XVI. Additional Observations on the Cicada Septindecim. By the late Mr. John Bartram. From a MS in the possession of the Editor". The Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: J. Conrad & Co. pp. 56–59. LCCN sf88091541. OCLC 565367549 2025 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
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100. ^ 2025 – via Internet Archive. Dr. Walker sais he remembers that the years 1724 & 1741 were great locust years. we all remember that 1758. was and now they are come again this year 1775. it appears then that they come periodically once in 17 years. they come out of the ground from a prodigious depth. it is thought that they eat nothing while in this state, laying their eggs in the small twigs of trees seems to be their only business. The females make a noise well known. The males are silent.
101. ^ 2024.
102. ^ 2024.
103. ^ 122. doi:10.5642/jhummath.201401.07. ISSN 2159-8118. OCLC 700943261. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014 2014. Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland: "The first great Locust year that I can Remember was 1749. ....".
104. ^ . Scientific Reports. 8 (1432). Springer Nature: 1432. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1432C. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5780379. PMID 29362478. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021 2021.
105. ^ 122. doi:10.5642/jhummath.201401.07. ISSN 2159-8118. OCLC 700943261. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014 2014. Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland: "I like to forget that I inform to report that if their lives are Short they are merry, they begin to Sing or make a noise from first they come out of the Earth till they die. The hindermost part rots off, and it does not appear to be any pain to them, for they still continue on Singing till they die".
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109. ^ 2021.
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111. ^ 2024.
112. Zaborski, Edmond R. (May 20, 2008). "2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi (Oudemans, 1936) (Acarina: Heterostigmata: Pyemotidae". Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey. NHS Technical Report 2008 (17). Archived from the original on January 28, 2024 2024.
113. Zaborski, Edmond R. (May 20, 2008). "Itch Mite Update: Conclusions from "2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi": Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report 2008 (17)". Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Department of Public Health. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022 2024.
114. ^ 2024. Folks in Northeastern Ohio complain of itchy welts on their heads, neck and upper torso. The oak itch mite, Pyemotes herfsi, has been identified as the culprit. The last time Ohio suffered an outbreak was in 2008 in the Cincinnati area. At that time, walkers, joggers and cyclists were complaining that when they followed trails that were overhung by oak trees, they would end up with itchy welts the following day. At that time, the oak itch mite had been recorded as being a periodic pest from Nebraska to Texas and eastward to Tennessee. The bites were most common in July and August, but the following summer, there were no complaints!
115. "Cincinnati braces for cicada swarm". The Columbus Dispatch. Columbus, Ohio. April 30, 2008. Archived from the original on September 3, 2024 2024. Cicadas, those big, noisy, clumsy, red-eyed bugs that periodically swarm sections of Ohio, will be emerging again in just a few weeks. This year's infestation will be the heaviest in Cincinnati-area neighborhoods around and east of I-71, experts say. ... In all, the cicadas will swarm throughout south central Ohio, the entire eastern half of Kentucky and parts of 10 other states. These are the babies of the cicada family named Brood XIV. Known as 17-year cicadas, their last emergence occurred in 1991.
116. Cooley, John R.; Kritsky, Gene; Edwards, Marten J.; et al. (Fall 2011). "Periodical cicadas Periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.): A GIS-based map of Broods XIV in 2008 and "XV" in 2009". American Entomologist. 57 (3): 144–150. doi:10.1093/ae/57.3.144. The largest section of Brood XIV was found in a contiguous region roughly occupying portions of the Ohio Valley, part of the Cumberland Plateau, and the mountains to its south and east.
117. ^ 2024.
118. Bamforth, Emily (August 24, 2016). "Introducing the oak itch mite: Chigger-like bites on upper body confuse Clevelanders". Cleveland.com. Cleveland, Ohio. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021 2024.
119. Shetlar, Dave (August 29, 2016). "Oak Itch Mites Attack!". Buckeye Yard and Garden Online. Ohio State University Extension, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024 2024.
120. United States Department of Agriculture. "2016 Forest Health Highlights: Ohio"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on January 6, 2023 2024. Periodical Cicadas: Brood V of the 17-year periodical cicadas emerged across much of eastern Ohio in the spring of 2016. Peak activity for the cicadas was during most of the month of June.
121. ^ 2024.
122. Wilder, Drew (July 30, 2021). "Mysterious, Nasty Bug Bites Stump Arlington Health Officials". NBC4 Washington. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023 2024. Contains a 1:38 minute video showing images and descriptions of Pyemotes herfsi bites.
123. Silverman, Ellie (July 30, 2021). "Oak-mite bites: Cicadas may have left D.C. region an itchy gift". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C 2024.
124. Vargas, Steven (August 4, 2021). "Cicadas may be gone, but here come itch mites causing mysterious bites in Washington, DC, region". USA Today. Tysons, Virginia. Archived from the original on August 11, 2024 2024.
125. Shrewsbury, Paula (August 13, 2021). "Oak Leaf Itch Mites and Periodical Cicada Eggs". University of Maryland Extension. University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023 2024.
126. Tan, Shen Wu (August 24, 2021). "Oak mites making D.C.-area residents itchy; tiny bugs feed on cicadas". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022 2024.
127. ^ 2024.
128. Fisher, Alex (August 28, 2024). "How long should you watch for mite bites in Chicago area?: Across the Chicago area, seemingly mysterious bug bites have been on the rise in recent weeks". NBC 5 Chicago. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024 2024. According to cicada expert Dr. Gene Kritsky with Mount St. Joseph University, a particular mite known as the "oak leaf itch mite" can be seen in large amounts following a cicada emergence. Kritsky noted that in 2007, "people in Chicago who had oak trees in the yards, started to complain of bites after the cicada emergence." "It turned out that the oak itch mite was found in the egg nests of Brood XIII cicadas," Kritsky told NBC Chicago. That same brood was one of the two to emerge in Illinois during 2024's historic event, which Kritsky described as "biblical."
129. ^ on YouTube. May 16, 2021, Arlington County, Virginia: Hank Productions. Retrieved July 27, 2021. (video, 7:18 minutes)
130. Cooking with cicadas on YouTube. May 24, 2021, Knoxville, Tennessee: WBIR Channel 10. Retrieved July 27, 2021. (video, 6:23 minutes)
131. Frothingham, R. Scott (2013). Cooking with Cicadas: Demonstrate Your Position at the Top of the Food Chain by Turning Cicadas into Delicious Snacks, Meals and Desserts for Family and Friends. FastForward Publishing. ISBN . OCLC 892659744.
132. Jadin, Jenna; University of Maryland Cicadamaniacs (2004). "Cicada-Licious: Cooking and Enjoying Periodical Cicadas"(PDF). Tullabs.com. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 20, 2021 2021.
133. "If You Can't Beat 'Em, Eat 'em! (Cicada Recipes)". Cicada Invasion: Tracking the Outbreak of the Great East Coast Brood. Nashville, Tennessee: Anderson Design Group. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020 2021 – via Blogger.
134. Sonde, Kari (May 5, 2021). "Can you eat cicadas? Yes, and here's the best way to catch, cook and snack on them". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021 2021.
135. Larkin, Ximena N. (April 28, 2021). "What To Know About Cooking Cicadas Before Brood X Emerges in Your Backyard: Chef Joseph Yoon of Brooklyn Bugs shares his advice on the best way to enjoy the delicacy". thrillist. Group Nine Media. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021.
136. Hunter, Paul (June 13, 2021). "How to cook the perfect cicada: Chef thinks the beady-eyed insects are best when they're 'extra crispy'". Canada: CBC News. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021 2021.
137. ^ . The Ohio Journal of Science. 53: 141. hdl:1811/4028. Archived(PDF) from the original on May 29, 2019. During the period of infestation, Indian women and children collect the insects in baskets and carry them home. They are then fried and eaten as a delicacy. Republished by "Knowledge Bank". The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021 2012.
138. ^ 104. LCCN agr07001971. OCLC 902809085 2021 – via Internet Archive.