Kisaeng

Kisaeng (Korean: 기생; Hanja: 妓生), also called ginyeo (기녀; 妓女), were enslaved women from outcast or enslaved families who were trained to be courtesans, providing artistic entertainment and conversation to men of upper class. First emerging in the Goryeo dynasty, kisaeng were officially sanctioned by the state and employed in various public functions. While many worked in royal courts, others were stationed throughout the provinces.

Trained in music, dance, poetry, and prose, kisaeng were often highly educated and skilled in the fine arts. Despite their low social status, they were respected as cultured artists. In addition to entertainment, some were assigned duties in medicine and needlework.

Kisaeng hold an important place in the traditional cultural memory of the Joseon dynasty. Although most individual kisaeng have faded from history, a few are remembered for their talents, intelligence, or loyalty. The most renowned among them is Hwang Jini, a celebrated 16th-century kisaeng known for her poetry and wit.