Epileptic

Differential diagnosis

Several conditions can resemble epileptic seizures and are collectively referred to as non-epileptic seizures. Common mimics include fainting (syncope), psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), transient ischemic attacks, migraine, narcolepsy, and various sleep or movement disorders. In children, events such as reflux, breath-holding spells, parasomnias and others may resemble seizures. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are involuntary episodes that resemble epileptic seizures but are not associated with abnormal electrical discharges. They are classified as functional neurological disorders and are typically associated with psychological distress or trauma. Studies suggest that approximately 20% of individuals referred to epilepsy centers are diagnosed with PNES, and up to 10% of these individuals also have coexisting epilepsy. Differentiating between the two can be difficult and often requires prolonged video EEG monitoring.