Devanagari

Old formsThe following letter variants are also in use, particularly in older texts and in specific regions: Conjunct consonantsAs mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join as a conjunct consonant or ligature. When Devanāgarī is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words. Native words typically use the basic consonant, and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word karnā is written करना (ka-ra-nā). The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardised for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this page is just one scheme. The following are several rules: 24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke (यya, नna, गga etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster (when letters are to be written as half-pronounced), they lose that stroke. e.g. त्‌वt-va → त्वtva, ण्‌ढṇ-ḍha → ण्ढṇḍha, स्‌थs-tha →