Chagga

The Kilindi, Koningo and Ongamo influence

Chagga oral traditions also mention pygmies, known as "Wakoningo," who crossed Kilimanjaro from east to west toward the Congo Basin. A story from the Uru describes visitors from the west seeking lumber for a mythical king, but the primary narrative involves the pygmies' migration.The Ongamo people significantly influenced Chagga culture by adopting later abandoned practices such as female circumcision and age sets rika. By the late 19th century, they were increasingly integrated into Chagga society, leading to the emergence of the deity "Ruwa," a blend of both cultures' beliefs.