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Topic summary

Beta-hydroxybutyrate

Beta-hydroxybutyrate

Extracted from the Wikipedia article Β-Hydroxybutyric acid.

References

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  10. ^ 1930. doi:10.3945/jn.111.146126. PMC 3192457. PMID 21918059. Metabolic impairment diverts methylcrotonyl CoA to 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA in a reaction catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase (22, 23). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA accumulation can inhibit cellular respiration either directly or via effects on the ratios of acyl CoA:free CoA if further metabolism and detoxification of 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA does not occur (22). The transfer to carnitine by 4 carnitine acyl-CoA transferases distributed in subcellular compartments likely serves as an important reservoir for acyl moieties (39–41). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA is likely detoxified by carnitine acetyltransferase producing 3HIA-carnitine, which is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane (and hence effectively out of the mitochondria) via carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (39). 3HIA-carnitine is thought to be either directly deacylated by a hydrolase to 3HIA or to undergo a second CoA exchange to again form 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA followed by release of 3HIA and free CoA by a thioesterase.
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  17. ^ 214. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..211S. doi:10.1126/science.1227166. PMC 3735349. PMID 23223453. Accumulation of βOHB in blood increases to 1 to 2 mM during fasting when the liver switches to fatty acid oxidation (7, 8), and to even higher concentrations during prolonged fasting (6 to 8 mM) (6) or in diabetic ketoacidosis (>25 mM) (9). [...] βOHB inhibited HDAC1, HDAC3, and HDAC4 in a dose-dependent manner with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.3, 2.4, and 4.5 mM, respectively. The HDAC6 IC50 was much higher (48.5 mM) (Fig. 1E), and βOHB did not inhibit HDAC6 activity on its natural substrate tubulin (fig. S3).
  18. ^ . PMC 4915811. PMID 27253067.
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  21. ^ .
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