Topic summary
Adivasis
Extracted from the Wikipedia article Adivasi.
References
- ^ 2023.
Widely addressed as tribals, Adivasis are heterogeneous groups spread all over the nation having different languages and group identities.
- ^ 2023.
'Adivasi' literally means 'original inhabitant', and it refers to heterogeneous adivasis tribal groups living all over the subcontinent.
- ^
- ^ 2022.
- ^ , Handbook of Indigenous Religion(s), Brill, pp. 247–262, doi:10.1163/9789004346710_016, ISBN 2025,
In any case, the term adivasi is a relatively recent one, at most only a century old. Despite its recent origin, however, it is now widely used as a self-designation by many of the people whom the Government of India classes as Scheduled Tribes.
- ^ 192. doi:10.1086/204717. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/204717.
- ^ 2008,
The Concept of the Adivāsi: According to the political activists who coined the word in the 1930s, the 'adivāsis' are the original inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent ...
- ^ ". Forwardpress. 26 October 2018. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 2022.
- ^ . Censusindia.gov.in. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 August 2020 2015.
- ^ 2015.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2021.
- ^ 2021.
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ . History Compass. 16 (10) e12486. doi:10.1111/hic3.12486 2024.
- ^ 2008,
... The Adivasis are the original inhabitants ...
- ^ 2008,
... Adivasis are the aborigines of India ...
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2008,
The scheduled tribes themselves tend to refer to their ethnic grouping as adivāsis, which means 'original inhabitant.' Hardiman continues to argue that the term adivāsi is preferable in India as it evokes a shared history of relative freedom in precolonial times ...
- ^ (Report). Geneva: International Labour Office. ISBN .
- ^ 42. doi:10.1177/0038022920090103. ISSN 0038-0229. JSTOR 23620834.
- ^ (Report).
- ^ ". The Daily Star. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019 2019.
- ^ . genecampaign.org. 2000. Archived(PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015 2019.
- ^ 2008.
The Adivasis are the original inhabitants of India. That is what Adivasi means: the original inhabitant. They were the people who were there before the Dravidians. The tribals are the Gonds, the Bhils, the Murias, the Nagas and a hundred more.
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2022.
- ^ 363. ISBN .
I have stated above, while ascertaining the general attitude of Mr. Jaipal Singh to tribal problems, his insistence on the term 'Adivāsi' being used for Schedule Tribes... Sir, myself I claim to an Adivāsi and an original inhabitant of the country as Mr. Jaipal Singh pal... a pseudo-ethno-historical substantiation for the term 'Adivāsi'.
- ^
- ^ 2025.
- ^
- ^ 2017.
- ^ 2021.
- ^
- ^ . Oxford University Press. ISBN . LCCN 87900016. OCLC 17422986. Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 March 2025 2025.
- ^ , Research and Information System for Developing Countries, archived(PDF) from the original on 3 January 2023 2025
- ^ . The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 62: 67–99. doi:10.1177/00194646241307223. ISSN 0019-4646.
- ^ 2018.PPT
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2017.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2017.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2025.
- ^ 2022.
- ^ 2008,
... uncivilised ... These forests and land territories assume a territorial identity precisely because they are the extension of the Adivasis' collective personality ...
- ^ 2008,
... Adivasis are not, as a general rule, regarded as unclean by caste Hindus in the same way as Dalits are. But they continue to face prejudice (as lesser humans), they are socially distanced and often face violence from society ...
- ^ 2008,
... Valmiki, from whose pen this great epic had its birth, was himself a Bhil named Valia, according to the traditional accounts of his life ...
- ^ 2008,
... In Mewar, the Grasia is of mixed Bhil and Rajput descent, paying tribute to the Rana of Udaipur ...
- ^ 2008,
... the Bhilala are commonly considered to be a mixed group who sprung from the marriage alliances of the immigrant male Rajputs and the Bhil women of the central India ...
- ^ 2008,
... The Munda Parha was known as 'Manki', while his Oraon counterpart was called 'Parha Raja.' The lands these adivasis occupied were regarded to be the village's patrimony ... The Gond rajas of Chanda and Garha Mandla were not only the hereditary leaders of their Gond subjects, but also held sway over substantial communities of non-tribals who recognized them as their feudal lords ...
- ^ 2008,
... The Navegaon is one of the forests in Maharashtra where the natives of this land still live and earn their livelihood by carrying out age old activities like hunting, gathering forest produce and ancient methods of farming. Beyond the Kamkazari lake is the Dhaavalghat, which is home to Adivasis. They also have a temple here, the shrine of Lord Waghdev ...
- ^ 2008,
... The way in which and the extent to which tribal support had been crucial in establishing a royal dynasty have been made quite clear ... tribal loyalty, help and support were essential in establishing a ruling family ...
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 681–683, see page 683, first para, lines 4 to 6.
The 16th century saw the establishment of a powerful Gond kingdom by Sangram Sah, who succeeded in 1480 as the 47th of the petty Gond rajas of Garha-Mandla, and extended his dominions so as to include Saugor and Damoh on the Vindhyan plateau, Jubbulpore and Narsinghpur in the Nerbudda valley, and Seoni on the Satpura highlands.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 837.
- ^ 2008.
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2008,
... Among the Munda, customary forms of land tenure known as khuntkatti stipulated that land belonged communally to the village, and customary rights of cultivation, branched from corporate ownership. Because of Mughal incursions, non-Jharkhandis began to dominate the agrarian landscape, and the finely wrought system of customary sharing of labor, produce and occupancy began to crumble. The process of dispossession and land alienation, in motion since the mid-eighteenth century, was given impetus by British policies that established both zamindari and ryotwari systems of land revenue administration. Colonial efforts toward efficient revenue collection hinged on determining legally who had proprietal rights to the land ...
- ^ 2008,
... The permanent settlement Act had an adverse effect upon the fate of the Adivasis for, 'the land which the aboriginals had rested from the jungle and cultivated as free men from generation was, by a stroke of pen, declared to be the property of the Raja (king) and the Jagirdars.' The alien became the Zamindars (Landlords) while the sons of the soil got reduced to mere tenants. Now, it was the turn of the Jagirdars-turned-Zamindars who further started leasing out land to the newcomers, who again started encroaching Adivasi land. The land grabbing thus went on unabated. By the year 1832 about 6,411 Adivasi villages were alienated in this process ...
- ^ 2008,
... The Permanent Settlement was 'nothing short of the confiscation of raiyat lands in favor of the zamindars.' ... Marx says '... in Bengal as in Madras and Bombay, under the zamindari as under the ryotwari, the raiyats who form 11/12ths of the whole Indian population have been wretchedly pauperised.' To this may be added the inroads made by the Company's Government upon the village community of the tribals (the Santhals, Kols, Khasias etc.) ... There was a wholesale destruction of 'the national tradition.' Marx observes: 'England has broken down the entire framework of Indian society ...
- ^ 2008,
... of the features of the adivasi land systems. These laws also showed that British colonial rule had passed on to a new stage of exploitation ... Forests were the property of the zamindar or the state ...
- ^ 2008,
... The Kol insurrection of 1831, though, no doubt, only the bursting forth of a fire that had long been smouldering, was fanned into flame by the following episode:- The brother of the Maharaja, who was the holder of one of the maintenance grants which comprised Sonpur, a pargana in the southern portion of the estate, gave farms of some of the villages over the heads of the Mankis and Mundas, to certain Muhammadans, Sikhs and others, who has obtained his favour ... not only was the Manki dispossessed, but two of his sisters were seduced or ravished by these hated foreigners ... one of them ..., it was said, had abducted and dishonoured the Munda's wife ...
- ^ 2008,
... As usually the zamindars were the moneylenders, they could pressurize the tenants to concede to high rent ...
- ^ 2008,
... In addition, many tribals were forced to pay private taxes ...
- ^ 2008,
... The Adivasis spend their life-times working for the landlord-moneylenders and, in some cases, even their children are forced to work for considerable parts of their lives to pay off debts ...
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2008,
... The Santhal insurrection in 1855–56 was a consequence of the establishment of the permanent Zamindari Settlement introduced by the British in 1793 as a result of which the Santhals had been dispossessed of the land that they had been cultivating for centuries. Zamindars, moneylenders, traders and government officials exploited them ruthlessly. The consequence was a violent revolt by the Santhals which could only be suppressed by the army ...
- ^ 2008,
... Revolts rose with unfailing regularity and were suppressed with treachery, brute force, tact, cooption and some reforms ...
- ^ 2008,
... many of the labourers came from Chota Nagpur District ... home to the Adivasis, the most popular workers with the planters – the '1st class jungley.' As one of the planters, David Crole, observed: 'planters, in a rough and ready way, judge the worth of a coolie by the darkness of the skin.' In the last two decades of the nineteenth century 350,000 coolies went from Chota Nagpur to Assam ...
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2022.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2008,
... the Vedic Aryan was not particularly eager to enter heaven, he was too much this-worldly oriented. A notion of reincarnation was not introduced until later. However, there was a concept of a universal force – an idea of an underlying monistic reality that was later called Brahman ...
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2026.
- ^ 2026.
- ^ 2026.
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2014.
- ^ ". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 2017.
- ^ 2017.
- ^
- ^ 2014.
{{}}: CS1 maint: others () - ^ 2014.
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2017.
{{}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service () - ^ 2017.
- ^ 2017.
- ^ 2008,
... The centre of Rig Vedic religion was the Yajna, the sacrificial fire. ... There is no Atma, no Brahma, no Moksha, no idol worship in the Rig Veda ...
- ^ 2008
- ^ 2008,
... Shiva was a 'tribal deity' to begin with and forest-dwelling communities, including those who have ceased to be tribals and those who are tribals today ...
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2019.
- ^
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2019.
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2017.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 2017.
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2015.
- ^ 2017.
- ^
- ^ 2010.
- ^
- ^ 2017.
- ^
- ^ 2008,
... The Adivasi tribes encompass the pre-Dravidian holdovers from ancient India ...
- ^ 2008,
... Although the northeast states make up just 7.5% of the geographical area of India, the region is home to 20% of India's tribal people. The following are the main tribes ... Nagas ... Monpas ... Apatani & Adi ... Khasi ...
- ^ 2008,
... The Meiteis began to think that root cause of their present unrest was their contact with the Mayangs, the outsider from the rest of India in matters of trade, commerce, religious belief and the designation of the Meiteis as caste Hindus in the Constitution of India. The policy of reservations for the scheduled castes and tribes in key posts began to play havoc ...
- ^ 2008,
... Nor, for that matter, does a traits approach to drawing distinctions between tribe and caste lead to any meaningful interpretation of social or civilizational processes. Social boundaries must be defined in each case (community or regional society) with reference to the modes of social classification, on the one hand, and processes of social interaction, on the other. It is in their inability to relate these two aspects of the social phenomenon through a model of social reality that most behavioural exercises come to grief ...
- ^ 2008,
... Even the authors of our traditional law-codes and other works did not know whether to call a particular group of backward people a caste or a tribe ...
{{}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility () - ^ 2008,
... Because the question of what groups are to be given preferences is constitutionally and politically open, the demand for preferences becomes a device for political mobilisation. Politicians can mobilise members of their caste, religious or linguistic community around the demand for inclusion on the list of those to be given preferences ... As preferences were extended to backward castes, and as more benefits were given to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, the 'forward' castes have ...
- ^ 2008,
... An angry mob of Koch-Rajbongshis (KRs) ransacked 4-8-03 the BJP office, Guwahati, demanding ST status for the KRs ... the KRs have been demanding the ST status for long, and the Bodos are stoutly opposed to it ...
- ^ 2008,
... Gujjars on Thursday blocked road and rail traffic in the capital and adjoining areas as part of their 'NCR rasta roko' agitation ... The NCR agitation, called by All India Gujjar Mahasabha, is in support of the community's demand for Scheduled Tribe status in Rajasthan ...
- ^ 2011.
- ^ 2008.
... Rajasthan is sitting on a potential caste war between the Gujjars and Meenas with the former demanding their entry into the Schedule Tribes list while the Meenas are looking to keep their turf intact by resisting any tampering with the ST quota ...
- ^ 2008,
... endogamy is basic to the morphology of caste but for its origin and sustenance one has to see beyond ... D.D. Kosambi says that the fusion of tribal elements into society at large lies at the foundation of the caste system; Irfan Habib concurs, suggesting that when tribal people were absorbed they brought with them their endogamous customs ...
- ^ 2008,
... in North India, high caste Hindus regard the village as an exogamous unit. Girls born within the village are called 'village daughters' and they do not cover their faces before local men, whereas girls who come into the village by marriage do so ... With Christians and Muslims, the elementary or nuclear family is the exogamous unit. Outside of it marriages are possible ... Lineage exogamy also exists among the Muslim Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir ...
- ^ 2008,
... The preference for in-marriage produces the reticulated kinship system characteristic of Punjabi Muslim society, as opposed to Hindu lineage exogamy and preference for marriage outside one's natal village ...
- ^ 2008,
... The tribal communities, by and large, also practise clan exogamy, which means marrying outside the totemic division of a tribe ...
- ^ 2008,
... Elwin documents the strict observance of this rule: Out of 300 marriages recorded, not a single one broke the rule of village exogamy ...
- ^ 2008,
... Among many Indian tribes it is the recognized custom to marry outside the village. This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh ... the Naga tribe of Assam is divided into Khels. Khel is the name given to the residents of the particular place, and people of one Khel cannot marry each other ...
- ^ 2008,
... there is every reason to believe that the inspiration leading to the formation of exogamous gotras came from the aborigines ...
- ^ 2008,
... Kalasha kinship is indeed orchestrated through a rigorous system of patrilineal descent defined by lineage exogamy ... Lineage exogamy thus distinguishes Kalasha descent groups as discretely bounded corporations, in contrast to the nonexogamous 'sliding lineages' (Bacon 1956) of surrounding Muslims ...
- ^ 2010.
- ^ 2008,
...The radiating, segmentary character of the underlying genealogical figure requires that the specifications be unilineal ... we have in the Dharmasastra doctrine of jatis a theory of ethnogenesis through intermixture or marriage of persons of different varnas, and secondary and tertiary intermixtures of the original ones, leading to a multitude of units, rather than the radiating segmentary structure of ethnogenesis by fission or descent ...
- ^ . Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 February 2009 2009.