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Topic summary

Acetic acid

Acetic acid
Names Preferred IUPAC name
Acetic acid
Systematic IUPAC name
Ethanoic acid
Other names
Vinegar (when diluted); Hydrogen acetate; Methanecarboxylic acid; Ethylic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
Abbreviations AcOH 506007 ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard100.000.528EC Number
  • 200-580-7
E numberE260 (preservatives)1380
KEGG
MeSHAcetic+acid
RTECS number
  • AF1225000
UNII
UN number2789
  • InChI=1S/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H,3,4)
    Key: QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • CC(O)=O
Properties CH3COOHMolar mass60.052 g·mol Appearance Colourless liquid OdorOverpowering vinegar-like Density1.049 g/cm (liquid); 1.27 g/cm (solid) Melting point16 to 17 °C; 61 to 62 °F; 289 to 290 K Boiling point118 to 119 °C; 244 to 246 °F; 391 to 392 K Critical point (T, P) 593 K (320 °C), 57.8 bar Misciblelog P−0.28 Vapor pressure1.54653947kPa (20 °C)
11.6mmHg (20 °C) Acidity (pKa) 4.756 Conjugate baseAcetate−31.54·10 cm/mol 1.371 (VD = 18.19) Viscosity1.22 mPa s
1.22 cP 1.74 D Thermochemistry 123.1 J/(K⋅mol) 158.0 J/(K⋅mol) −483.88–483.16 kJ/mol −875.50–874.82 kJ/mol-876.1 kJ/mol 11.7 kJ/mol 23.7 kJ/mol Pharmacology G01AD02 (WHO) S02AA10 (WHO) Legal status
  • AU:S2 (Pharmacy medicine) /Schedule 6, Schedule 5, Schedule 2 Appendix E, clause 3 Appendix F, clause 4
Hazards GHS labelling: DangerH226, H314P280, P305+P351+P338, P310NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
3
2
0
Flash point40 °C (104 °F; 313 K) 427 °C (801 °F; 700 K) Explosive limits4–16% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): 3.31 g/kg, oral (rat) 5620 ppm (mouse, 1 h)
16000 ppm (rat, 4 h) NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m)
REL (Recommended)
TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m) ST 15 ppm (37 mg/m)
IDLH (Immediate danger)
50 ppm Related compounds Formic acid
Propionic acid
Related compounds
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetic anhydride
Chloroacetic acid
Acetyl chloride
Glycolic acid
Ethyl acetate
Potassium acetate
Sodium acetate
Thioacetic acidSupplementary data page Acetic acid (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formulaCH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, C2H4O2, or HC2H3O2). Acetic acid is the active component of vinegar. Historically, vinegar was produced from the third millennium BCE, making acetic acid likely the first acid to be produced in large quantities.

Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical across various fields, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

The global demand for acetic acid as of 2023 is about 17.88 million metric tonnes per year (t/a). Most of the world's acetic acid is produced via the carbonylation of methanol. Its production and subsequent industrial use poses health hazards to workers, including incidental skin damage and chronic respiratory injuries from inhalation.

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