Sec61Sec61, termed SecYEG in prokaryotes, is a membrane protein complex found in all domains of life. As the core component of the translocon, it transports proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and out of the cell in prokaryotes. It is a doughnut-shaped pore through the membrane with 3 different subunits (heterotrimeric), SecY (α), SecE (γ), and SecG (β). It has a region called the plug that blocks transport into or out of the ER.
Endoplasmic reticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. The word endoplasmic means "within the cytoplasm", and reticulum is Latin for "little net". It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
Protein complexA protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains. Protein complexes are distinct from multidomain enzymes, in which multiple catalytic domains are found in a single polypeptide chain. Protein complexes are a form of quaternary structure.Proteins in a protein complex are linked by non-covalentprotein–protein interactions. These complexes are a cornerstone of many (if not most) biological processes.SecA
EukaryoteThe eukaryotes () are cellular organisms of the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya, which have a distinct cell nucleus (formed by a nuclear membrane), membrane-bound organelles and organization supported by a cytoskeleton. Extant eukaryotes are traditionally grouped into four kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi and protists.
CytosolThe cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)). It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.Prokaryote
Lipid bilayerBiological membrane structureThis fluid lipid bilayer cross section is made up entirely of phosphatidylcholine.The three main structures phospholipids form in solution; the liposome (a closed bilayer), the micelle and the bilayer.The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipidmolecules. These membranes form a continuous barrier around all cells.
ProteasomeProteasomes are essential protein complexes responsible for the degradation of proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds. Enzymes that help such reactions are called proteases. Proteasomes are found inside all eukaryotes and archaea, and in some bacteria. In eukaryotes, proteasomes are located both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm.
ArchaeaDomain of organismsExcluded(but cladistically included)EukaryotaSynonyms"Archaebacteria" Woese & Fox 1977"Archaeobacteria" Murray 1988"Mendocutes" Gibbons & Murray 1978"Mendosicutes" Murray 1984"Metabacteria" Hori and Osawa 1979"Neomura" Cavalier-Smith 2002"Archaebiota" Luketa 2012"Arkarya" Forterre 2015Archaea ( ) is a domain of organisms.
HydrophobeIn chemistry, hydrophobicity is the chemical property of a molecule (called a hydrophobe) that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water. By contrast, hydrophiles are attracted to water. Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, thus, prefer other neutral molecules and nonpolar solvents. Because water molecules are polar, hydrophobes do not dissolve well among them. Hydrophobic molecules in water often cluster together, forming micelles.
PeptidePeptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides that have a molecular mass of 10,000 Da or more are called proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called oligopeptides, and include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. Amino acids comprise peptides as residues.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.