Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between the applied pressure, known as stress, and amount of deformation, known as strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test object and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing).
BrittlenessA material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it fractures with little elastic deformation and without significant plastic deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength. Breaking is often accompanied by a sharp snapping sound. When used in materials science, it is generally applied to materials that fail when there is little or no plastic deformation before failure.
Fracture toughnessIn materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. It is a material property that quantifies its ability to resist crack propagation and failure under applied stress.
Charpy impact testIn materials science, the Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a measure of the material's notchtoughness. It is widely used in industry because it is easy to prepare and conduct, and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. A disadvantage is that some results are only comparative.
Resilience (materials science)In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically, and release that energy upon unloading. Proof resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without creating a permanent distortion. The modulus of resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed per unit volume without creating a permanent distortion.
DuctilityDuctility is the ability of a material to sustain significant plastic deformation before fracture when undergoing tension, i.e. when the relevant elastic modulus is Young's; the equivalent for deforming under bulk compression, i.e. when using the bulk modulus, is malleability. Historically, materials were considered malleable if they were amenable to forming by hammering or rolling. Lead is an example of a material which is substantially more malleable than ductile.
Izod impact strength testThe Izod impact strength test is an ASTM standard method of determining the impact resistance of materials. A pivoting arm is raised to a specific height (constant potential energy) and then released. The arm swings down, hitting a notched sample, breaking the specimen. The energy absorbed by the sample is calculated from the height the arm swings to after hitting the sample. A notched sample is generally used to determine impact energy and notch sensitivity.Strength of materialsThe strength of materials is determined using various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials, such as yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio.
Impact (mechanics)In mechanics, an impact is when two bodies collide. During this collision, both bodies decelerate. The deceleration causes a high force or shock, applied over a short time period. A high force, over a short duration, usually causes more damage to both bodies than a lower force applied over a proportionally longer duration.
Materials scienceMaterials science is an interdisciplinary field concerned with understanding the relationships between the structure of materials and their properties and using this knowledge to design materials for specific applications. The internal structure of a material—from atomic arrangements to microscopic features—strongly influences its mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical behavior.
FractureFracture is the cracking or breaking into pieces of an object or material under the action of stress. The science of fracture is a field of study in physics, metallurgy and engineering. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid.
MetallurgyMetallurgy is a domain of material science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys. Metallurgy encompasses both the science and the technology of metals, including their production and the engineering of metal components used in products for both consumers and manufacturers.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.