Thermidorian ReactionIn the historiography of the French Revolution, the Thermidorian Reaction (French: Réaction thermidorienne or Convention thermidorienne, "Thermidorian Convention") is the common term for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespierre and politically-aligned deputies on 9 Thermidor II, or 27 July 1794, and the inauguration of the French Directory on 2 November 1795.
French Republican calendarCalendar used in Revolutionary France from 1793 to 1805French Republican Calendar of An III (1794 to 1795), drawn by Philibert-Louis DebucourtThe French Republican calendar (French: calendrier républicain français), also commonly called the French Revolutionary calendar (calendrier révolutionnaire français), was a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days by the Paris Commune in 1871, meant to replace the Gregorian calendar.
Maximilien RobespierreFrench revolutionary, lawyer and politician (1758–1794)Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (; French:; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman, widely recognised as one of the most influential figures of the French Revolution. Robespierre fervently campaigned for the voting rights of all men and their unimpeded admission to the National Guard.
Reign of Terror1793–1794 political violence in FranceHistorical caricature of the Reign of Terror.Bertrand Barère by Jean-Louis Laneuville.The Reign of Terror (French: La Terreur, lit.
FructidorFructidor (French pronunciation:) is the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word fructus 'fruit'. Fructidor is the third month of the summer quarter (mois d'été). By the Gregorian calendar, Fructidor starts on either August 18 or August 19 and ends exactly thirty days later, on September 16 or September 17. Fructidor follows the month of Thermidor and precedes the Sansculottides.
MonthA month is a unit of time, used with calendars, that is approximately as long as a natural phase cycle of the Moon; the words month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept of months arose with the cycle of Moon phases; such lunar months ("lunations") are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days, making for roughly 12.37 such months in one Earth year.
MessidorMessidor (French pronunciation:) was the tenth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word messis 'harvest'. Messidor was the first month of the summer quarter (mois d'été). It started on 19 or 20 June. It ended on 18 or 19 July. It follows Prairial and precedes Thermidor. Day name tableLike all FRC months Messidor lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called décades (decades).
The Revolution BetrayedPersonalChildhood and familyTrainHouse MuseumRussian political activitiesFirst exileRussian Revolution of 1905Treaty of Brest-LitovskRussian Civil WarTrade-union debateKronstadt rebellionScissors CrisisDepositionCase of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"American Committee for the Defense of Leon TrotskyDewey CommissionAssassinationperpetratorPolitical ideologyLeninismDemocratic centralismTrotskyismorthodoxAnti-Stalinist leftSoviet democracyUnited FrontWorker's controlAffiliationsLeft OppositionUnited OppositionFourth InternationalBibliographyOur Political TasksOur Revolution1905The Permanent Revolution and Results and ProspectsTerrorism and CommunismTrotsky's Military WritingsLiterature and RevolutionProblems of Everyday LifeNew CourseLessons of OctoberTowards Socialism or Capitalism?Leon Trotsky on ChinaMy LifeThe Permanent RevolutionHistory of the Russian RevolutionThe Revolution BetrayedThe Stalin School of FalsificationTheir Morals and OursThe Transitional ProgramStalinWritings of Leon TrotskyThe Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939The Struggle Against Fascism in GermanyIn Defence of MarxismBiographiesLeon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life The Life of Leon TrotskyThe Prophet ArmedThe Prophet UnarmedThe Prophet OutcastTrotsky: A BiographyThe Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?
GuillotineA guillotine ( ) is an apparatus designed for effectively carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with a pillory at the bottom of the frame, holding the position of the neck directly below the blade.
Leon TrotskySoviet politician and revolutionary (1879–1940)PersonalChildhood and familyTrainHouse MuseumRussian political activitiesFirst exileRussian Revolution of 1905Treaty of Brest-LitovskRussian Civil WarTrade-union debateKronstadt rebellionScissors CrisisDepositionCase of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"American Committee for the Defense of Leon TrotskyDewey CommissionAssassinationperpetratorPolitical ideologyLeninismDemocratic centralismTrotskyismorthodoxAnti-Stalinist leftSoviet democracyUnited FrontWorker's controlAffiliationsLeft OppositionUnited OppositionFourth InternationalBibliographyOur Political TasksOur Revolution1905The Permanent Revolution and Results and ProspectsTerrorism and CommunismTrotsky's Military WritingsLiterature and RevolutionProblems of Everyday LifeNew CourseLessons of OctoberTowards Socialism or Capitalism?Leon Trotsky on ChinaMy LifeThe Permanent RevolutionHistory of the Russian RevolutionThe Revolution BetrayedThe Stalin School of FalsificationTheir Morals and OursThe Transitional ProgramStalinWritings of Leon TrotskyThe Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939The Struggle Against Fascism in GermanyIn Defence of MarxismBiographiesLeon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life The Life of Leon TrotskyThe Prophet ArmedThe Prophet UnarmedThe Prophet OutcastTrotsky: A BiographyLev Davidovich Trotsky (né Bronstein; 7 November [O.S. 26 October] 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist.
Joseph StalinLeader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953Joseph Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who ruled the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and the nation's Premier from 1941 to 1953.
French languageFrench (français or langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, French and its closest relatives—the langues d'oïl, historically spoken in northern France and southern Belgium—descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. It was influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the GermanicFrankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.
Greek languageIndo-European languageGreek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, romanized: elliniká; Ancient Greek: ἑλληνική, romanized: hellēnikḗ) is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.