NotiomastodonNotiomastodon is an extinct genus of gomphothere proboscidean (related to modern elephants), endemic to South America from the Pleistocene to the early Holocene. Individuals of Notiomastodon reached a size similar to that of the modern Asian elephant, with a body mass of 3-4 tonnes. Like other brevirostrine gomphotheres such as Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon, Notiomastodon had a shortened lower jaw and lacked lower tusks, unlike more primitive gomphotheres like Gomphotherium.
GomphotheriumGomphotherium (; "nail beast" for its double set of straight tusks) is an extinct genus of gomphothere proboscidean from the Neogene of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the most diverse genus of gomphothere, with over a dozen valid species. The genus is probably paraphyletic, and ancestral to other gomphothere genera, as well as ultimately living elephantids.GomphothereGomphotheres are an extinct group of proboscideans related to modern elephants. First appearing in Africa during the Oligocene, they dispersed into Eurasia and North America during the Miocene and arrived in South America during the Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange. Gomphotheres are a paraphyletic group ancestral to Elephantidae, which contains modern elephants, as well as Stegodontidae.IrvingtonianThe Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), spanning from 1.8 million – 250,000 years BP. Named after an assemblage of fossils from the Irvington District of Fremont, California, the Irvingtonian is usually considered to overlap the Lower Pleistocene and Middle Pleistocene epochs.
RhynchotheriumRhynchotherium is an extinct genus of gomphothere endemic to the southern USA and Mexico from the Miocene to the Early Pleistocene (5.9 to 2.2 Ma). This temporal range also corresponds from the late Hemphillian faunal stage (Hh4) to the Late Blancan faunal stage, with Rhynchotherium being considered by some researchers as a taxon emblematic of the Blancan faunal stage. Rhynchotherium had two tusks and likely evolved from Gomphotherium.
Molar (tooth)The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name molar derives from Latin, molaris dens, meaning "millstone tooth", from mola, millstone and dens, tooth. Molars show a great deal of diversity in size and shape across the mammal groups. The third molar of humans is sometimes vestigial.BlancanThe Blancan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is a North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), usually considered to start in the early-mid Pliocene Epoch and end by the mid-Pleistocene. It is typically set from around 4.9 Ma (million years ago) to 1.8 Ma, an estimated duration of about 3.1 million years. The Blancan is preceded by the Hemphillian and followed by the Irvingtonian NALMA stages.
PlioceneSecond epoch of the Neogene PeriodSubdivision of the Neogene according to the ICS, as of 2024.Vertical axis scale: Millions of years agoEtymologyName formalityFormalUsage informationCelestial bodyEarthRegional usageGlobal (ICS)Time scale(s) usedICS Time ScaleDefinitionChronological unitEpochStratigraphic unitSeriesTime span formalityFormalLower boundary definitionBase of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n), which is only 96 ka (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSPLower boundary GSSPHeraclea Minoa section, Heraclea Minoa, Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy37°23′30″N13°16′50″E / 37.3917°N 13.2806°E / 37.3917; 13.2806Lower GSSP ratified2000Upper boundary definitionBase of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama)Extinction of the HaptophytesDiscoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculusUpper boundary GSSPMonte San Nicola Section, Gela, Sicily, Italy37°08′49″N14°12′13″E / 37.1469°N 14.2035°E / 37.1469; 14.2035Upper GSSP ratified2009 (as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene)The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.33 to 2.58 million years ago (Ma).
JaliscoState of MexicoState in Guadalajara, MexicoJalisco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in western Mexico and is bordered by six states, Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, and Colima. Jalisco is divided into 125 municipalities, and its capital and largest city is Guadalajara.
MammothA mammoth is a member of the extinct elephantidgenusMammuthus. They lived from the late Miocene epoch (from around 6.2 million years ago) into the Holocene until about 4,000 years ago, with mammoth species at various times inhabiting Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.
GenusGenus (; pl.: genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. E.g. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera onca (jaguar) are two species within the genus Panthera. Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae.Early PleistoceneThe Early Pleistocene is a subseries in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, representing the earliest division of the Pleistocene Epoch within the ongoing Quaternary Period. It is currently estimated to span the time between 2.580 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago) and 0.773 ± 0.005 Ma. The term Early Pleistocene encompasses both the Gelasian Age and the Calabrian Age.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.