PolyaminePolyamines are a type of organic compound having two or more amino groups. The term is not defined consistently, but is typically used to refer to the naturally occurring putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, together with other related compounds. While some alkyl polyamines occur naturally, others are synthetic. Alkylpolyamines are colorless, hygroscopic, and water soluble. Near neutral pH, they exist as the ammonium derivatives.
OrnithineOrnithine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid that plays an essential role in the urea cycle (to the extent that it is sometimes also called the Ornithine Cycle). Improper levels can cause disorders of the urea cycle, such as hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia as well as other metabolic diseases such as gyrate atrophy and cancer.
VirusInfectious agent that replicates in cellsA virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity.
Nucleic acidNucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomer components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is deoxyribose, a variant of ribose, the polymer is DNA.
EukaryoteDomain of life whose cells have nucleiThe eukaryotes () are cellularorganisms of the domainEukaryota or Eukarya, which have a distinct cell nucleus (formed by a nuclear membrane), membrane-bound organelles and organization supported by a cytoskeleton. Extant eukaryotes are traditionally grouped into four kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi and protists.
PhosphateNames IUPAC namePhosphateOther names OrthophosphateTetraoxophosphate(V)Tetraoxidophosphate(V)Identifiers CAS Number14265-44-23D model (JSmol)hypervalent form: Interactive imageionic form: Interactive imageBeilstein Reference3903772 ChEBICHEBI:18367ChemSpider1032Gmelin Reference1997 MeSHPhosphatesPubChemCID1061UNIINK08V8K8HRInChIInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3Key: NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-KSMILEShypervalent form: [O-]P([O-])([O-])=Oionic form: [O-][P+]([O-])([O-])[O-]Properties Chemical formulaPO4Molar mass94.9714 g mol Conjugate acidMonohydrogen phosphateExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
MetabolismSet of chemical reactions in organismsSimplified view of cellular metabolismMetabolism (, from Greek μεταβολή (metabolē) 'change') refers to the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within living organisms.
Growth factorA growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone. Comparison to cytokinesGrowth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine.
Antonie van LeeuwenhoekDutch microbiologist (1632–1723)Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( ; Dutch:; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch art, science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists.
PolyelectrolytePolyelectrolytes are polymers whose repeating units bear an electrolyte group. Polycations and polyanions are polyelectrolytes. These groups dissociate in aqueous solutions (water), making the polymers charged. Polyelectrolyte properties are thus similar to both electrolytes (salts) and polymers (high molecular weight compounds) and are sometimes called polysalts. Like salts, their solutions are electrically conductive. Like polymers, their solutions are often viscous.
BacteriaDomain of microorganismsSynonyms"Bacteria" (Cohn 1872) Cavalier-Smith 1983"Bacteria" Haeckel 1894"Bacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002"Bacteriaceae" Cohn 1872a"Bacteriobionta" Möhn 1984"Bacteriophyta" Schussnig 1925"Eubacteria" Woese and Fox 1977"Neobacteria" Möhn 1984"Schizomycetaceae" de Toni and Trevisan 1889"Schizomycetes" Nägeli 1857Bacteria are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
AntioxidantCompound that inhibits the oxidation of other moleculesStructure of the naturally occurring antioxidant peptide glutathioneAntioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products, such as polymers, fuels, and lubricants, to extend their usable lifetimes. Foods are also treated with antioxidants to prevent spoilage, in particular the rancidification of oils and fats.
OrnithineOrnithine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid that plays an essential role in the urea cycle (to the extent that it is sometimes also called the Ornithine Cycle). Improper levels can cause disorders of the urea cycle, such as hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia as well as other metabolic diseases such as gyrate atrophy and cancer.VirusInfectious agent that replicates in cellsA virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity.Nucleic acidNucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomer components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is deoxyribose, a variant of ribose, the polymer is DNA.EukaryoteDomain of life whose cells have nucleiThe eukaryotes () are cellularorganisms of the domainEukaryota or Eukarya, which have a distinct cell nucleus (formed by a nuclear membrane), membrane-bound organelles and organization supported by a cytoskeleton. Extant eukaryotes are traditionally grouped into four kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi and protists.PhosphateNames IUPAC namePhosphateOther names OrthophosphateTetraoxophosphate(V)Tetraoxidophosphate(V)Identifiers CAS Number14265-44-23D model (JSmol)hypervalent form: Interactive imageionic form: Interactive imageBeilstein Reference3903772 ChEBICHEBI:18367ChemSpider1032Gmelin Reference1997 MeSHPhosphatesPubChemCID1061UNIINK08V8K8HRInChIInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3Key: NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-KSMILEShypervalent form: [O-]P([O-])([O-])=Oionic form: [O-][P+]([O-])([O-])[O-]Properties Chemical formulaPO4Molar mass94.9714 g mol Conjugate acidMonohydrogen phosphateExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)MetabolismSet of chemical reactions in organismsSimplified view of cellular metabolismMetabolism (, from Greek μεταβολή (metabolē) 'change') refers to the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within living organisms.Growth factorA growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone. Comparison to cytokinesGrowth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine.Antonie van LeeuwenhoekDutch microbiologist (1632–1723)Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( ; Dutch:; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch art, science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists.PolyelectrolytePolyelectrolytes are polymers whose repeating units bear an electrolyte group. Polycations and polyanions are polyelectrolytes. These groups dissociate in aqueous solutions (water), making the polymers charged. Polyelectrolyte properties are thus similar to both electrolytes (salts) and polymers (high molecular weight compounds) and are sometimes called polysalts. Like salts, their solutions are electrically conductive. Like polymers, their solutions are often viscous.BacteriaDomain of microorganismsSynonyms"Bacteria" (Cohn 1872) Cavalier-Smith 1983"Bacteria" Haeckel 1894"Bacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002"Bacteriaceae" Cohn 1872a"Bacteriobionta" Möhn 1984"Bacteriophyta" Schussnig 1925"Eubacteria" Woese and Fox 1977"Neobacteria" Möhn 1984"Schizomycetaceae" de Toni and Trevisan 1889"Schizomycetes" Nägeli 1857Bacteria are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.AntioxidantCompound that inhibits the oxidation of other moleculesStructure of the naturally occurring antioxidant peptide glutathioneAntioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products, such as polymers, fuels, and lubricants, to extend their usable lifetimes. Foods are also treated with antioxidants to prevent spoilage, in particular the rancidification of oils and fats.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.