Protein deacetylaseA protein deacetylase is any enzyme that removes acetyl groups from lysineamino acids in proteins. That is, it performs deacetylation. The main ones are histone deacetylases (HDACs) and sirtuins (SIRT1,2,3,5). Because histone proteins were the first known substrate for protein deacetylases, the latter all tend to be called HDACs of one class or another.
ADP-ribosylationADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribosemoieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis. Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others.
Conserved sequenceIn evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection.
ProteinBiomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residuesA representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices. This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X-ray crystallography. Toward the right-center among the coils, a prosthetic group called a heme group (shown in gray) with a bound oxygen molecule (red).Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acidresidues.
Cell signalingCell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the biological process by which a cell interacts with itself, with other cells, and with the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all forms of life. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the first messenger (the ligand), the receptor, and the signal itself.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideCoenzymeChemical compoundNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adeninenucleobase and the other, nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD and NADH (H for hydrogen), respectively.
YeastInformal group of fungiA yeast is any species of fungus that grows primarily in a unicellular form and reproduces via budding or fission. Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms that originated hundreds of millions of years ago, with at least 1,500 species currently recognized. They constitute about 1% of all described fungal species.
LysineAmino acidNames IUPAC nameLysineSystematic IUPAC name2,6-Diaminohexanoic acidOther names Lysine, D-lysine, L-lysine, LYS, h-Lys-OHIdentifiers CAS Number70-54-2 DL56-87-1 L923-27-3 D3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageZwitterion: Interactive imageProtonated zwitterion: Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:25094ChEMBLChEMBL28328ChemSpider8435747 LECHA InfoCard100.000.673IUPHAR/BPS724KEGGC16440PubChemCID866UNIIAI4RT59273 DLK3Z4F929H6 L3HQ6U6424Q DCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID90859004InChIInChI=1S/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)Key: KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)Key: KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYAYSMILESC(CCN)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NZwitterion: C(CC[NH3+])C[C@@H](C(=O)[O-])NProtonated zwitterion: C(CC[NH3+])C[C@@H](C(=O)[O-])[NH3+]Properties Chemical formulaC6H14N2O2Molar mass146.190 g·mol Solubility in water1.5 kg/L Pharmacology ATC codeB05XB03 (WHO) Supplementary data page Lysine (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Chemical compoundLysine ball and stick model spinningLysine (symbol Lys or K; also L-lysine) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins.
MetabolismSet of chemical reactions in organismsSimplified view of cellular metabolismMetabolism (, from Greek μεταβολή (metabolē) 'change') refers to the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within living organisms.
AcetylationIn chemistry, acetylation is an organic esterification reaction with acetic acid. It introduces an acetyl group into a chemical compound. Such compounds are termed acetate esters or simply acetates. Deacetylation is the opposite reaction, the removal of an acetyl group from a chemical compound. Acetylation/deacetylation in biologyHistone deacetylases "play crucial roles in gene transcription and most likely in all eukaryotic biological processes that involve chromatin".
HydrolysisHydrolysis (; from Ancient Greek hydro-'water' and lysis'to unbind') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution and elimination reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolysis is the cleavage of biomolecules where a water molecule is consumed to effect the separation of a larger molecule into component parts.
deacylaseRelated word or term.desuccinylaseRelated word or term.demalonylaseRelated word or term.
ADP-ribosylationADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribosemoieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis. Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others.Conserved sequenceIn evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection.ProteinBiomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residuesA representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices. This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X-ray crystallography. Toward the right-center among the coils, a prosthetic group called a heme group (shown in gray) with a bound oxygen molecule (red).Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acidresidues.Cell signalingCell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the biological process by which a cell interacts with itself, with other cells, and with the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all forms of life. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the first messenger (the ligand), the receptor, and the signal itself.Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideCoenzymeChemical compoundNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adeninenucleobase and the other, nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD and NADH (H for hydrogen), respectively.YeastInformal group of fungiA yeast is any species of fungus that grows primarily in a unicellular form and reproduces via budding or fission. Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms that originated hundreds of millions of years ago, with at least 1,500 species currently recognized. They constitute about 1% of all described fungal species.LysineAmino acidNames IUPAC nameLysineSystematic IUPAC name2,6-Diaminohexanoic acidOther names Lysine, D-lysine, L-lysine, LYS, h-Lys-OHIdentifiers CAS Number70-54-2 DL56-87-1 L923-27-3 D3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageZwitterion: Interactive imageProtonated zwitterion: Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:25094ChEMBLChEMBL28328ChemSpider8435747 LECHA InfoCard100.000.673IUPHAR/BPS724KEGGC16440PubChemCID866UNIIAI4RT59273 DLK3Z4F929H6 L3HQ6U6424Q DCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID90859004InChIInChI=1S/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)Key: KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)Key: KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYAYSMILESC(CCN)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NZwitterion: C(CC[NH3+])C[C@@H](C(=O)[O-])NProtonated zwitterion: C(CC[NH3+])C[C@@H](C(=O)[O-])[NH3+]Properties Chemical formulaC6H14N2O2Molar mass146.190 g·mol Solubility in water1.5 kg/L Pharmacology ATC codeB05XB03 (WHO) Supplementary data page Lysine (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Chemical compoundLysine ball and stick model spinningLysine (symbol Lys or K; also L-lysine) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins.MetabolismSet of chemical reactions in organismsSimplified view of cellular metabolismMetabolism (, from Greek μεταβολή (metabolē) 'change') refers to the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within living organisms.AcetylationIn chemistry, acetylation is an organic esterification reaction with acetic acid. It introduces an acetyl group into a chemical compound. Such compounds are termed acetate esters or simply acetates. Deacetylation is the opposite reaction, the removal of an acetyl group from a chemical compound. Acetylation/deacetylation in biologyHistone deacetylases "play crucial roles in gene transcription and most likely in all eukaryotic biological processes that involve chromatin".HydrolysisHydrolysis (; from Ancient Greek hydro-'water' and lysis'to unbind') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution and elimination reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolysis is the cleavage of biomolecules where a water molecule is consumed to effect the separation of a larger molecule into component parts.deacylaseRelated word or term.desuccinylaseRelated word or term.demalonylaseRelated word or term.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.